On the Global Asymptotic Stability of Solutions of Some Difference Equations with Intrinsic Initial Conditions

Our aim in this paper is to study the asymptotic global stability of the positive solutions for a class of first-order nonlinear difference equations with a remarkable feature: the initial conditions are intrinsic and not explicitly given. Global stability results are obtained in a particular case and then for a general class of first-order difference equations.We also provide the results of some numerical experiments obtained by the mini software package FIXPOINTto illustrate asymptotic global stability as well as the rate of convergence. To the best of our knowledge, our approach is the first one in the literature on the stability of difference equations without explicit initial conditions and might generate an interesting new direction of further studies.


Introduction
Many important phenomena and dynamical processes in several fields of applied sciences and engineering are described by means of differential and/or difference equations. On the contrary, difference equations also appear naturally in connection with discretization schemes applied to ordinary or partial differential equations. For such a difference equation or system of difference equations, it is important to study the local and global behaviour of their solutions. is behaviour is influenced in many instances by the initial conditions associated to the given difference equations, making it an important issue in the study of concrete dynamical processes.
It is the main aim of this paper to study the asymptotic global stability of the positive solutions for a general class of first-order nonlinear difference equations with a remarkable feature: the initial conditions are not explicitly given but are intrinsic.
Our approach is motivated mainly by the fact that, in the case of nonlinear difference equations, properties of solutions, in most of the concrete situations, can only be observed and conjectured by numerical simulations, and it is extremely difficult to obtain them analytically. erefore, it is fundamentally important to identify those classes of nonlinear difference equations for which we still can perform analytically a qualitative study of the properties of their solutions, particularly the global behaviour, which is the topic of the current study.
To the best of our knowledge, our approach is the first one in the literature on the stability of difference equations with no explicit initial conditions and might generate an interesting new direction of further studies.

Preliminaries
In most of the studies devoted to the global stability of k-order difference equations, the appropriate initial conditions are explicitly assumed and the proofs are essentially based on these conditions. For example, in [1], the authors studied the dynamics and the global asymptotic stability of the second-order difference equation: with the initial conditions y − 1 , y 0 ∈ (0, ∞), where A > 0. It was shown in [1] that the unique positive equilibrium y � 1 + A of equation (1) is globally asymptotically stable.
Starting from these facts, as announced in Section 1, our aim in this paper is to obtain asymptotic stability results for a class of difference equations with intrinsic initial conditions.
To this end, we need some basic notions and results used in the study of difference equations. We shall be mainly concerned with the particular case X: � I, where I ⊂ R is an interval. In this context, a fixed point x * of f is usually called an equilibrium point of the first-order difference equation Reminding, see for example [18], that the equilibrium point x * of the k-order difference equation is said to be locally stable if, for every ϵ > 0, there exists δ > 0 such that, for all x 0 , x 1 , . . . , x k− 1 ∈ I satisfying one has e equilibrium point x * of (6) is said to be stable if x * is a locally stable solution and there exists δ > 0 such that, for all e equilibrium point x * of (6) is globally asymptotically stable if x * is simultaneously locally stable and a global attractor of (6). e equilibrium point x * of (6) is unstable if it is not locally stable.

Global Asymptotic Stability of First-Order Difference Equations with Intrinsic Initial Conditions
We start by studying the stability of the solutions of a simple first-order difference equation with intrinsic initial condition.
is globally asymptotically stable.
Proof. First of all, we note that no explicit initial condition is associated with the difference equation (11). It is also easy to see that the equilibriums of equation (11) are the roots of the quadratic equation We shall prove now that the equilibrium point x * � 3 is globally asymptotically stable. Assume there exists m ∈ N * such that x m � 3. en, by (11), x m− 1 � 3, . . . ,, x 1 � 3 and x 0 � 3. Moreover, one can show by induction that, in this case, we also have x n � 3, for all n > m. erefore, if one single term of the sequence x n would be equal to 3, in particular, if x 0 � 3, then all its terms have the same value and so the equilibrium x * � 3 is globally asymptotically stable.
Furthermore, let us assume that x n ≠ 3, for all n ≥ 0. In this case, we can denote Note also that x n ≠ 2, for all n ≥ 0. Indeed, if we would have x m � 2 for a certain m ∈ N, then, by (11), we would get 0 � 3, a contradiction.
So, by (11), we have which shows that the sequence y n satisfies the linear recurrence relation which can be written in a telescopic form as Now, by summing up the n relations obtained from (15) by letting n: one obtains which yields, after computing the geometric progression sum, Now, in view of (12), it follows that x n satisfies Since all transformations that lead us to (19) were well determined, we conclude that the denominator of the fraction in (19) is always nonzero, that is, Hence, if we denote by E the set of excluded values for any term of the sequence x n , i.e., then we conclude that the intrinsic initial condition for the difference equation (11) is Now, under the intrinsic initial condition (22), by simply letting n ⟶ ∞ in (19), we obtain which shows that the equilibrium point x * � 3 of (11) is globally asymptotically stable.
(a) eorem 1 above extends eorem 3.1 in [25], see also [26], where the explicit initial condition was x 0 ∈ (0, +∞), while in eorem 1, it is intrinsic. (b) We note that the points 0, − (3/2), and − (6/7) which are the borders of the set of initial conditions in eorem 3.3 in [26] are actually the first three elements e n of the set E defined above and are obtained for n � 1, n � 2, and n � 3, respectively. (c) It is easy to check that which explains why the equilibrium point y * � − 1 of the difference equation (11) is unstable. One may prove similarly the following more general result.
Proof. We note that no explicit initial condition is associated with the difference equation (25). It is also easy to see that the equilibriums of the difference equation (25) are the roots of the characteristic equation We shall prove now that the equilibrium point x * � a is globally asymptotically stable, while x * � b is unstable. Assume there exists m ∈ N * such that x m � a. en, by (25), x m− 1 � a, . . ., x 1 � a, and so x 0 � a. Moreover, one can show by induction that, in this case, we also have x n � a, for all n > m. erefore, if one single term of the sequence x n would be equal to a, in particular, if x 0 � a, then all its terms would have the same value and so the equilibrium x * � a is globally asymptotically stable. Now, let us assume that x n ≠ a, for all n ≥ 0, and denote In this case, we also have x n ≠ a + b, for all n ≥ 0. Indeed, if we would have x m � a + b, for a certain m ∈ N, then, by (25), we would get immediately 0 � ab, a contradiction.

Mathematical Problems in Engineering
So, by (25), we have which shows that, in this way, we have linearized the nonlinear difference equation (25), since y n satisfies a linear difference equation: Similar to the proof of eorem 1, one obtains Since a ≠ b, by evaluating the sum in (29), one obtains which, in view of (26), yields Since all transformations that lead us to (31) were equivalent, we conclude that the numerator of the fraction in the right-hand side of (31) is always nonzero, that is, x p ≠ ab n − ba n b n − a n , n � 1, 2, . . . ; p � 0, 1, 2, . . . .
Hence, if we denote by E, the set of excluded values for any term of the sequence x n , i.e., E � ab n − ba n b n − a n : n � 1, 2, . . . , (33) then we conclude that the intrinsic initial condition for the difference equation (25) is Now, by (31), we have and having in view the fact that |a| > |b|, by letting n ⟶ ∞ in the previous equality, we obtain which shows that the equilibrium point x * � a of (25) is globally asymptotically stable.

Remark 2. (a) One can check that
e n � ab n − ba n b n − a n ⟶ b, as n ⟶ ∞, which shows that the equilibrium point b of the difference equation (25) is unstable.
In the particular case a � 2 and b � − 1, by eorem 2, we obtain a stability result that extends eorem 3.1 in [25] to the case of an intrinsic initial condition. Note that, in eorem 3.1 from [25], the initial condition is x 0 ∈ (0, ∞).

Corollary 1.
e equilibrium point x * � 2 of the difference equation is globally asymptotically stable.
We end the paper with a stability result that covers the case a � b. Theorem 3. If a ∈ R * , then the equilibrium point x * � a of the difference equation is globally asymptotically stable.
Proof. It is also easy to see that the unique equilibrium of the difference equation (39) is the double root of the characteristic equation e case x m � a for some m is trivial. Consider x n ≠ a for all n � 0, 1, 2, . . ., and similar to the proof of eorem 2, we obtain from which we deduce that the intrinsic initial condition associated to (39) is and therefore, □

Numerical Experiments
We performed some numerical experiments for the difference equation (11) and for various values of x 0 satisfying the intrinsic initial condition. e most significant ones are presented in Table 1.
Except for the initial value x 0 � 10, the values of x 0 in the other five cases were chosen in such a way to be close enough to the unstable equilibrium point y * � − 1, that is, { }, or close enough to some points in the exception set E, that is, x 0 ∈ − 0.76; − 0.751 { } and x 0 � 0.1, respectively. e obtained results are presented in Table 1 and illustrate both the global asymptotical stability of the equilibrium point x * � 3 and the rate of convergence (N denotes the number of iterations needed to reach the solution, with 6 exact digits).
Note that the rate of convergence of the dynamical system x n defined by the difference equation (11) is linear, see [27], that is, a fact which is illustrated by the numerical results given in Table 1.

Conclusion
In this paper, we have studied the asymptotic global stability of the positive solutions for a class of first-order difference equations with an innovative feature: the initial conditions are intrinsic and not explicitly given, as usual in the literature. Global stability results have been obtained first in a particular case and then for a general class of firstorder difference equations. We also illustrate the theoretical results by some numerical experiments obtained by the use of the mini software package FIXPOINT. e numerical tests illustrate both the asymptotic global stability of the solutions and the rate of convergence of the iterative process.
To the best of our knowledge, our approach is the first one to study the stability of solutions for second-order difference equations without explicit initial conditions and might generate an interesting new direction of further studies with important applications in the study of phenomena and dynamical processes from several fields of applied sciences and engineering. e future work is planned to extend this idea by considering first fractional difference equations, following the ideas in [28][29][30][31], as well as by considering k-order difference equations and k-order fractional difference equations with k ≥ 3, see [32,33].

Data Availability
e data used to support the theoretical findings of this study were obtained by means of the mini software package FIXPOINT and are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Conflicts of Interest
e author declares that he has no conflicts of interest.