Evaluating the Comprehensive Performance of 5G Base Station: A Hybrid MCDM Model Based on Bayesian Best-Worst Method and DQ-GRA Technique

In recent years, 5G technology has rapidly developed, which is widely used in medical, transportation, energy, and other ﬁelds. As the core equipment of the 5G network, 5G base stations provide wireless coverage and realize wireless signal transmission between wired communication networks and wireless terminals. However, as the scale of 5G base stations gradually increases, problems such as poor user experience and insuﬃcient coverage area frequently occur. Hence, it is necessary to evaluate the comprehensive performance of 5G base stations, so as to clarify the problems existing in the construction of base stations. First, the performance evaluation index system is constructed from the perspectives of operational performance, ﬁnancial performance, environmental impact, and social inﬂuence. Then, a novel hybrid multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) model based on the Bayesian best-worst method (BBWM) and diﬀerence-quotient gray relational analysis (DQ-GRA) technique is adopted. Finally, sixteen 5G base stations are taken as examples for analysis. The result shows that the signal coverage area and per capita input cost are the most important indicators greatly aﬀecting the overall performance of the 5G base station. Compared with the two other MCDM models, the proposed hybrid MCDM model has good applicability and eﬀectiveness for performance evaluation of 5G base stations.


Introduction
1.1.Background and Motivation.With the rapid development of the mobile internet, people's requirements for the quality and speed of mobile communication are constantly improving.As a new generation of mobile communication technology after 2020, the 5th-generation mobile communication technology (5G) becomes the future direction of wireless technology development [1].e 5th-generation mobile communication technology has the characteristics of high speed, low delay, and large connection, which can provide users with faster and better services [2].At the same time, the emergence and promotion of 5G have made communication break through the previous fixed mode and opened the curtain of the era of coconnection between man and everything [3].
With the popularization of 5G technology, the construction of 5G base stations is also in full swing.On March 24, 2020, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People's Republic of China issued the "Notice on Accelerating the Development of 5G," which clearly stated that the construction and deployment of 5G networks should be accelerated.By January 2021, China had built over eight hundred thousand 5G base stations, ranking first in the world in terms of speed and scale of 5G network construction.According to the data released by local government departments, the scale of 5G base station construction in 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) of China is listed in Table 1 and the layout of 5G base stations in various regions is shown in Figure 1.
As can be seen from Figure 1, there is a big gap in the quantity of 5G base stations across China.Of which, there are nearly 124,000 5G base stations in Guangdong while there are only 1,900 5G base stations in Qinghai.ere are obvious regional differences in the distribution of 5G base stations in China.Overall, the distribution of 5G base station shows a trend of gradual decrease from east to west.
Meanwhile, with the gradual increase in the number of 5G base stations, more and more problems continue to be revealed, such as neighbor avoidance effect, ecological environmental impact, and compatibility with the current mobile communication system.Under this background, it is necessary to evaluate the performance of 5G base stations and judge the effectiveness of 5G base station construction.Besides, the evaluation of the comprehensive performance of the 5G base station can provide a certain theoretical basis for the future 5G base station site selection.

Literature Review.
As a new generation of mobile communication technology, 5G has received extensive attention from scholars in recent years.e research directions mainly include the following aspects.
Table 2 presents the studies on 5G key technologies in recent years and briefly introduces the methods and contributions of these studies.

5G Application Scenarios.
In addition to the exploration of 5G technologies, scholars are also committed to studying possible future application scenarios of 5G.Table 3 presents the studies on 5G application scenarios in recent years and briefly introduces the methods and contributions of these studies.

5G Base Station.
As the core equipment of the 5G network, the 5G base station provides wireless coverage to realize wireless signal transmission between the wired communication network and wireless terminal.In recent years, there have been more research studies on 5G base stations.
Yan and Ma [15] proposed an efficient and secure handover authentication protocol at neighbor base stations, gNodeBs (gNBs) for secure handovers, which demonstrated ability against various malicious attacks.Wang et al. [16] conducted in-depth research on the location of 5G base stations based on geographic information system (GIS) and heuristic optimization algorithms, which can provide reasonable and robust results to support 5G cellular network planning.Sigwele et al. [17] proposed a dynamic pico BS switching OFF algorithm based on a utility function.e proposed scheme maintains coverage and quality of service (QoS) and can effectively save more than 40% of energy consumption.Qian et al. [18] proposed a centralized radio access network architecture as a possible solution for an energy-efficient fifth-generation (5G) mobile system.e architecture effectively solved the problem that different types of radio resources and hardware resources cannot be shared and allocated within the overall network in a cooperative way.
According to the existing literature, several conclusions can be drawn.
(1) e existing research on 5G mainly revolves around three parts: technology, application scenarios, and base stations.Relying on key technologies such as network function virtualization, massive MIMO, and wireless software-defined network, 5G has been In fact, there has been a lot of research on the performance evaluation of underground subway stations [19], petrol station [20], grid-tied photovoltaic station [21], and other aspects, which can provide a reference for the comprehensive performance evaluation of 5G base stations in this study.

Contributions and Article Organization.
Based on the previous research, this study proposes a hybrid multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) model to evaluate the comprehensive performance of the 5G base station.First, the evaluation index system is conducted from the perspective of Table 2: e studies on 5G key technologies in recent years.

Reference Key technology Contribution
Charles et al. [5] 5G wireless sensor networks is study proposed solutions available to identify and avoid cyber threats Xie et al. [6] Network function virtualization is study proposed a WEB-MACRO method to solve the problems of service migration and fluctuation for queues in the networks Juneja and Sharma [7] Millimeter wave spectrum is study presented propagation-related issues of mmW frequencies and modelingrelated issues in CMOS technology Wen et al. [8] Massive MIMO is study developed refined channel estimation routines and localization methods to perform massive MIMO localization Sharma and Kumar [9] Network ultradensification is study provided a detailed survey of resource allocation approaches for UDNs in 5G and beyond networks Mathematical Problems in Engineering operational performance, financial performance, environmental impact, and social influence.en, the Bayesian bestworst method (BBWM) is applied to determine the weights of criteria.Finally, the difference-quotient gray relational analysis (DQ-GRA) model is proposed to evaluate the comprehensive performance of the base stations.e main contributions and innovations of this study are as follows: (1) In recent years, the number of 5G base stations has rapidly grown, and there have been problems such as overlapped coverage area, low service load access, and poor surrounding user experience. is study studies the comprehensive performance of the 5G base station with a problem-oriented perspective, which can fill the gaps in existing research.( 2) is study constructs a comprehensive performance evaluation index system of the 5G base station.e index system not only concentrates on the traditional operational performance but also considers the financial performance, environmental impact, and social influence.( 3) is study proposes a novel hybrid MCDM model for the performance evaluation of 5G base stations.e index weighting method (BBWM) takes the group decision-making environment into consideration to make the weighting results more realistic.
e evaluation model (DQ-GRA) realizes the improvement of traditional GRA, which simultaneously considers the degree of geometric similarity and the degree of numerical proximity.
e other sections of this study are structured as below.Following the introductory section, Section 2 constructs the comprehensive performance evaluation index system of 5G base station and expounds on the connotation of each indicator.Section 3 mainly introduces the basic theory of the Bayesian best-worst method and the DQ-GRA model.Section 4 carries on the case study, and Section 5 compares the evaluation result with other models.Section 6 presents the conclusions and limitations.

Evaluation Index System for Comprehensive
Performance Evaluation of the 5G Base Station e evaluation index system is extremely important for the performance evaluation of the 5G base station.Clear, comprehensive, and specific indicators should be included in the evaluation index system, which can reflect the main characteristics and connotations of the 5G base station.In this study, the performance evaluation of 5G base station is analyzed and evaluated with the consideration of different perspectives such as operational, financial, environmental, and social performance.e evaluation index system for comprehensive performance evaluation of 5G base station is shown in Figure 2.

Operational Performance.
e extensive coverage of 5G networks can significantly strengthen social governance capabilities.By allowing data to "make suggestions," scientific, refined, and intelligent decision-making schemes can be easily formed.On July 5, 2021, ten Chinese ministries and commissions jointly issued the "5G Application Sailing Action Plan (2021-2023)," which puts forward indicators such as the number of 5G base stations and the penetration rate of 5G individual users.is move indicates the determination to improve the supply of 5G infrastructure for public coverage.
erefore, the operational performance is essential for evaluating the performance of 5G base stations.According to the existing literature, signal coverage area and business loadings are selected to be the main indicators for operational performance evaluation.

Signal Coverage Area (C1).
Due to the lack of rigorous construction planning, it is prone to overlap the signal coverage of multiple base stations in actual situations [22].
e signal coverage area of the base station cannot be calculated by a simple circular area formula but needs to remove the overlap with other existing base stations.us, the signal coverage area of the base station can be calculated by formula (1): where S represents the signal coverage area of the base station, r represents the signal transmission radius of the base station, and S i represents the overlap area with the i-th base station.
where P r represents the receiving power in free space [23], P t represents the transmit power, and f represents the frequency.

Business Loadings (C2).
e main equipment of the 5G base station mainly includes an active antenna unit (AAU) and baseband unit (BBU) [24].e energy consumption of the two units accounts for nearly 46% of the overall energy consumption of the base station, and the energy consumption of AAU equipment mainly depends on the business loadings.e indicator of the annual average load is selected to characterize business loadings.
where L represents the annual average load of the base station, and L t represents the business loadings at time t.

Financial Performance.
In addition to the operational performance, financial performance is also essential to the base station.e indicator of per capita input cost can simultaneously take into account the construction cost of the base station and the number of people served.
where PC represents the per capita input cost of the base station, C represents the investment cost of the base station, and P represents the number of people served by the base station.

Environmental Impact.
In addition to the performance of the base station itself, it is also necessary to consider the impact of the base station on the external environment.In particular, the environmental performance mainly includes two aspects: one is the impact on the ecological environment, and the other one is the impact on safety.

Ecological Environmental Impact (C4).
In the construction and operation of 5G base stations, there may be impacts on the water and soil environment, acoustic environment, and electromagnetic environment.Among them, the monitoring of the electromagnetic radiation environment is most important.e monitoring factor for the electromagnetic radiation environment of 5G base stations is the radiofrequency electromagnetic field, and the detection parameter is the power density (or electric field strength).
If the unit of the measured value of the electric field intensity read by the monitoring instrument is dB(μV/m), it can be converted into an electric field intensity value in V/m according to where x represents the reading number of the monitoring instrument, and E represents the electric field strength.e electric field intensity and power density in the far field can be converted according to where S represents the power density, and Z 0 represents the free space intrinsic impedance (the value is 120πΩ).

Safety Impact (C5).
e location of the base station should be as far away as possible from the industrial factory.On the one hand, some flammable and explosive materials are easily present in the factory.On the other hand, some harmful gases and dust may be generated during the  Mathematical Problems in Engineering production process of the factory, which will cause certain damage to the surrounding environment.

Social Influence.
e significance of base station construction and operation is to serve customers within its range and provide them with signals.So, it is necessary to evaluate the social influence of base stations from the perspective of user experience degree.

User Experience Degree (C6).
User experience is usually affected by many factors.In addition to signal strength and signal quality, it is also related to the user's psychological factors to a certain extent.Although the electromagnetic radiation brought by base stations generally meets national standards, some users still have psychological problems.
For conflicts or misunderstandings of the base station, industry experts, scientific research, and technical personnel can be invited to raise the public's awareness of base stations.

BBWM for Weight Determination of Evaluation
Indicators.BWM is first proposed in 2015 by Rezaei to solve MCDM problems [25], which is much more efficient and convenient than the traditional analytic hierarchy process method.AHP needs n(n − 1)/2 pairwise comparisons [26], while BWM only needs 2n − 3 pairwise comparisons when n decision indicators are taken into consideration.e detailed steps of BWM are elaborated as follows.
Step 1: the evaluation index system is established with n indicators, which can be expressed as c 1 , c 2 , . . ., c n  .
Step 2: the best and worst indicators are determined.Based on the construction of the evaluation index system, the best indicator (the most important indicator) c B and the worst indicator (the least important indicator) c W need to be determined according to the knowledge and experience of the decision-makers.
Step 3: pairwise comparisons between the best indicator c B and all the other indicators in the evaluation index system are conducted.Values 1-9 are used to measure the importance of c B and other indicator, 1 means that c B and c j are equally important, and 9 means that c B is extremely important than c j .
e "Best-to-Others" vector A B can be expressed as follows: where a Bj (j � 1, 2, . . .n) stands for the significance of the best indicator c B to c j .
Step 4: pairwise comparisons between the worst indicator c W and all the other indicators in the evaluation index system are conducted.Values 1-9 are used to measure the importance of c W and other indicator, 1 means that c j and c W are equally important, and 9 means that c j is extremely important than c W . e pairwise comparisons can obtain the "Others-to-Worst" vector A W , which is as follows: where a jW (j � 1, 2, . . .n) stands for the significance of indicator c j to the worst indicator c W .
Step 5: the optimal index weights of all the evaluation indicators (ω e above constraints can be transformed into nonlinear constraint optimization problems, and the optimal weights can be calculated by equation (11).
Step 6: the consistency ratio is calculated.e obtained ξ is represented by ξ * , and the consistency ratio CR (CI is a given value) is calculated by CR � ξ * /CI.e closer the result is to 0, the more consistent the evaluation results of the experts are.CR � 0 means that the expert evaluations are completely consistent.
Although BWM has certain advantages over traditional methods when dealing with MCDM problems, it can only determine the weights of different decision-making indicators according to the subjective judgment of only one decision-maker, which means decision-makers cannot simultaneously determine the weights.If multiple decisionmakers are required to determine the weights, the weights determined by each decision-maker need to average.However, the process of averaging weights has drawbacks such as outlier sensitivity and restricted information provision.is process of determining weights is much more equivalent to multiple mechanical repetitions of a single process, which ignores considering the preferences and judgments of multiple decision-makers at the same time.In 6 Mathematical Problems in Engineering fact, different decision-makers have different ideas about the best and worst indicators, and only after extending to the group decision-making environment can reliable weights be obtained.
In 2019, a new MCDM method named BBWM was proposed by Mohammadi and Rezaei [27], which can simultaneously weigh different decision-making indicators in the case of multiple decision-makers.On the basis of BWM, BBWM considers the probabilistic interpretations of the inputs and outputs, which means the indicators are seen as random events and the weights are regarded as occurrence likelihoods.
erefore, when determining the input and output, probability distributions with multinomial distribution should be taken into account.e probability mass function for the multinomial distribution related to the worst indicator A W is as follows: where w stands for the probability distribution.e probability of event j is proportionate to the number of occurrences of the event: So, the probability of the event for the worst indicator is as follows: Equations ( 7) and ( 8) are used to obtain the following: Similarly, A B can also be modeled by employing multinomial distribution.However, the pairwise comparisons between A B and other indicators and the pairwise comparisons between A W and other indicators are completely opposite: Same as the worst indicator, it can be expressed as follows: So far, the determination of weights has been transformed into a probability distribution estimate.e Bayesian hierarchical model is used to find the optimal weights.Suppose there are K decision-makers, the k th (k � 1, 2 . . .K) pairwise comparison vector can be represented as A k B and A k W , and the k th weight can be expressed as w k .e overall optimal weight w agg is computed by the weight of each decision-maker w k .In the group decisionmaking of K decision-makers, the joint probability distribution can be obtained as follows: e probability of each individual variable can be computed by where x and y represent arbitrary random variables.Subsequently, the Markov Chain Monte Carlo technique is also used to determine the posterior distribution of BBWM.Interested readers can consult Reference [27], which elaborated the whole process of BBWM.

DQ-GRA for Comprehensive Performance Evaluation of 5G Base Station.
e basic idea of gray relational analysis (GRA) is to determine a data sequence reflecting the characteristics of system behavior and data sequences composed of several factors affecting system behavior, which are, respectively, called reference sequence and comparison sequence [28].By calculating the degree of association between each comparison sequence and the reference sequence, a comprehensive comparison and ranking of the evaluated objects are made.e detailed steps of GRA are listed as follows.
Step 1: the reference sequence X 0 and comparison sequence X i are determined.
where x 0 (j) represents the optimal value of the j-th indicator.
Step 2 (normalization): for the performance typed indicator, the normalized value is as follows: For the cost typed indicator, the normalized value is as follows: Step 3: the minimum difference Δ i min and maximum difference Δ i max are calculated.
Mathematical Problems in Engineering Step 4: the correlation coefficient between the normalized sequence to be evaluated and the reference sequence is calculated.
where δ i (j) represents the correlation coefficient, and ρ represents the resolution coefficient.e smaller the ρ means, the greater the resolution.When ρ ≤ 0.5463, the resolution is the best, usually ρ � 0.5.
Step 5: the degree of relevance c i is calculated.
where ω j represents the weight of the j-th indicator, which is calculated by BBWM introduced above.But there is a problem with traditional GRA.When , theoretically, the degree of relevance between the evaluated sequence and the reference sequence should be 1, but in fact, it is not.In other words, the traditional GRA only considers the degree of geometric similarity between data sequences but ignores the degree of numerical proximity [29].Xue et al. [30] proposed a difference-quotient GRA (DQ-GRA) approach, which considered the difference method and the division method to simultaneously define a comprehensive gray relation degree from geometric similarity and numerical proximity.e improvement of the DQ-GRA approach is as follows: e gray relation degree of geometric similarity c 1j (x 0 (j), x i (j)) and the gray relation degree of numerical proximity c 2j (x 0 (j), x i (j)) are calculated.
e gray relation degree of geometric similarity and numerical proximity is calculated.

Applicability and Superiority of the Proposed Model.
e proposed model for evaluating the comprehensive performance of the 5G base station is composed of BBWM and DQ-GRA.
e applicability and superiority of the proposed hybrid model are mainly reflected.

Applicability and Advantages of the Index Weighting
Method.Generally, index weighting methods include subjective index weighting methods, objective index weighting methods, and subjective-objective index weighting methods.Common objective index weighting methods mainly include the following: entropy method [31], principal component analysis (PCA) approach [32], and variation coefficient method [33].
e objective index weighting method is characterized by the ability to assign weights to quantitative indicators.Its advantage lies in avoiding the influence of subjective factors, but the disadvantages are as follows: (1) it has higher requirements for data, and (2) it cannot give weights to qualitative indicators.In this study, there are some qualitative indicators (such as user experience) in the comprehensive performance evaluation index system of 5G base stations.Hence, the traditional objective index weighting method cannot be applied in this study.
BWM is a typical subjective index weighting method with the characteristics of convenience and promptness.But the shortcoming is that it only performs mechanized average processing on the index weighting results of each expert.e BBWM method proposed in this study introduces probability factors and takes into account the influence of experts' group decision-making on the results of index weighting, which can effectively overcome the disadvantage of the BWM method.

Applicability and Advantages of the Performance
Evaluation Method.GRA is widely used in various fields for its low requirements on the research object: (1) it is not limited to the sample size, and (2) it does not require the regularity of the sample.But, the disadvantage of GRA is ignoring the degree of numerical proximity for indicators.By simultaneously considering the degree of geometric similarity and the degree of numerical proximity, DQ-GRA proposed in this study can effectively solve the problems of traditional GRA.

e Framework of the Proposed Model.
e framework of the proposed model is shown in Figure 3 as follows.

Case Study
4.1.Basic Information of the Cases.In this section, 5G base stations in a certain area are selected for comprehensive performance evaluation.e distribution map (simplified version) of base stations and population in this area is shown in Figure 4. e main parameters of each base station are shown in Table 4.

Determination of the Weights of Performance Evaluation
Indicators.As mentioned above, the BBWM is employed to determine the weights of the six indicators and five experts should propose their suggestions and preferences.According to the steps of BBWM, experts should determine the best indicator and the worst indicator of the proposed performance evaluation index system first, which are, respectively, listed in Table 5.

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After selecting the best and worst indicators, pairwise comparisons between the best indicator and other indicators should be given by the five experts.e pairwise comparisons are shown in Table 6.
Similarly, the pairwise comparisons between the worst indicator and other indicators should also be given by the five experts.e pairwise comparisons are shown in Table 7.
en, the "Best-to-Others" pairwise comparison vector A 1:K B and the "Others-to-Worst" pairwise comparison vector A 1:K W can be obtained as follows: K � 5 represents five experts who participated in the decision-making.e overall optimal weight w agg can be calculated by the weight of each decision-maker w k , which is computed by A 1:K B and A 1:K W , and the process is calculated through MATLAB software.e values of ten indicator weights are listed in Table 8.

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It can be seen that the value of signal coverage area (C1) is highest, followed by per capita input cost (C3), safety impact (C5), business loadings (C2), and user experience degree (C6), and ecological environmental impact (C4) is lowest.
e credal ranking is shown in Figure 5, which can reflect the confidence level of the relationship between six indicators.e closer the result is to 1, the higher the level of credal ranking is, which means that the experts have more consistent views on the relationship between multiple indicators.
From Figure 5, the credal ranking of six indicators for performance evaluation of 5G base stations can be clearly obtained.e value of "signal coverage area indicator (C1)" is taken as an example, it is obviously more important than C2, C4, and C6 with the credal ranking of 1, and it is also important than C5 with the confidence of 0.99 and C3 with the confidence of 0.93.

Results of the Performance Evaluation for 5G Base Stations.
Based on the basic information of each 5G base station, the DQ-GRA model is adopted in this section to evaluate the comprehensive performance of 16 base stations.e evaluation results are presented in Figure 6 and the descriptive statistics of the evaluation results are listed in Table 9.
According to the results of the performance evaluation for sixteen 5G base stations, several conclusions can be obtained: (1) BS6 performs best of the sixteen 5G base stations with the gray relation degree of 0.955. is result may be due to the following reasons: (1) the location of BS6 is in a densely populated central area.Although the user experience around the base station is not so good, it greatly reduces the per capita investment cost.
(2) e base station does not overlap with other base stations, so it can guarantee the full coverage of  (3) Overall, the comprehensive performance of the sixteen 5G base stations evaluated in this study is not satisfactory, and the average value of gray relation degree for sixteen 5G base stations is only 0.752.e number of 5G base stations whose evaluation performance is higher than the average and below the average is the same.

Comparison of the Results
In order to prove the superiority and advancement of the model proposed in this study, several comparative models are proposed in this section (listed in Table 10).

Comparison of the Results by Model 1 and Model 2.
According to the expert decision results listed from Table 5 to Table 7, the indicator weights determined by five experts    Mathematical Problems in Engineering   Mathematical Problems in Engineering based on the traditional BWM are listed in Table 11.e indicator weights calculated by BWM and BBWM are shown in Figure 7.
As can be seen from Table 11 and Figure 7, although the weight of each indicator has changed, the importance ranking of each indicator has not changed.On the one hand, the result proves the rationality of BBWM, that is, the ranking of importance for the indicators has not changed due to method improvements.On the other hand, a certain decision-making environment is formed by introducing Bayesian theory into the traditional BWM, which can avoid further expansion of the difference between indicators.
Figure 8 shows the results of the performance evaluation for 5G base stations based on BWM-DQ-GRA and BBWM-DQ-GRA.
By using BBWM-DQ-GRA, the weight distribution among indicators is more reasonable.Hence, the comprehensive performance of each 5G base station has decreased, which can better reflect the actual performance of the base station.

Comparison of the Results by Model 1 and Model 3.
Figure 9 shows the results of the performance evaluation for 5G base stations based on BBWM-GRA and BBWM-DQ-GRA.
According to Figure 9, the comprehensive performance of each 5G base station has increased by using BBWM-DQ-GRA, which can better reflect the actual performance of the base station.

Conclusions and Limitations
With the continuous development of 5G technology, more and more 5G base stations are being constructed to meet people's daily needs.erefore, the performance evaluation can not only measure whether the base station has met the expected requirements but also provide a reference for subsequent 5G base station site selection planning.is study presents a novel hybrid MCDM model to evaluate the comprehensive performance of 5G base stations, which is composed of BBWM and DQ-GRA.Several conclusions can be drawn as follows: (1) According to the weight determination results, experts agree that the signal coverage area and per capita input cost are key indicators for evaluating the comprehensive benefits of 5G base stations.In contrast, indicators such as the ecological environmental impact and user experience are less important.
(2) According to the evaluation results, the performance of each base station is quite different.e average value of the comprehensive performance of each base station is only 0.752, which is not satisfactory and needs to be improved in the construction of 5G base stations in the future.(3) rough the improvement of the index weighting method and evaluation method, the comprehensive performance of each base station is finally obtained to be more reasonable and authentic.e BBWM method and DQ-GRA method can be further applied in other fields.
Moreover, some limitations and future directions are summarized as follows: (1) From the perspective of methodology.Although the proposed method in this study solves the problems of the original method to some extent, it indeed increases the complexity of the method, which leads to an increase in the computational process and time.

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In the future, more efficient and convenient methods are needed in addition to the improvement of the existing defects.
(2) From the perspective of subject.Due to the availability of data, the capacity of the simulation sample is limited, which may affect the final evaluation results to some extent.e scope of the study population needs to be further expanded in future work, and the impact on 5G base station site planning needs to be further analyzed on the basis of the performance evaluation.

Figure 1 :
Figure 1: e layout of 5G base stations in various regions of China.

Figure 2 :
Figure 2: e index system for comprehensive performance evaluation of 5G base station.

Figure 3 :Figure 4 :
Figure 3: e framework of the proposed model.

Figure 6 :
Figure 6: Results of the performance evaluation for 5G base stations.

Figure 5 :
Figure 5: e credal ranking of six indicators for performance evaluation of 5G base stations.

Figure 9 :
Figure 9: Results of the performance evaluation for 5G base stations based on BBWM-GRA and BBWM-DQ-GRA.

Table 1 :
e 5G base station construction scale in various regions of China.

Table 3 :
e studies on 5G application scenarios in recent years.

Table 4 :
e main parameters of each base station.Note: the range of the value for the user experience degree indicator is (0-10), ten means best, and zero means worst.

Table 6 :
Pairwise comparisons between the best indicator and other indicators.

Table 7 :
Pairwise comparisons between the worst indicator and other indicators.

Table 8 :
Weights of ten indicators.

Table 9 :
e descriptive statistics of the evaluation results.

Table 10 :
e models for ranking similarity comparison.

Table 11 :
e indicator weights are determined by five experts based on the traditional BWM.