Mathematical Model for Energy and Exergy-Based Simulation of Triangular Solar Energy Extractor for Air Heating Applications

Department of Mechanical Engineering, KIT-KalaignarKarunanidhi Institute of Technology, Coimbatore 641402, Tamilnadu, India Department of Mechanical Engineering, PSN College of Engineering and Technology, Tirunelveli 627152, Tamilnadu, India Department of Mathematics, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai 600123, Tamilnadu, India Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600062, Tamilnadu, India Department of Mathematics, Rajalakshmi Institute of Technology, Chennai 600124, Tamilnadu, India Department of Mechanical Engineering, NSS College of Engineering, Palakkad 678008, Kerala, India Department of Mathematics, NSS College of Engineering, Palakkad 678008, Kerala, India Department of Physics, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Arba Minch Institute of Technology, Arba Minch University, P.O. Box 21, Arba Minch, Ethiopia


Introduction
Industries in developing countries are unsustainable because of the rapid escalation in the emission of greenhouse gases [1]. erefore they are formulating their new energy policy to encourage eco-friendly energy usage for sustainable development. e researchers and economists identi ed the potential of solar thermal technologies speci cally for industries for sustainable operations and production of low carbon emissions [2]. Among the industrial solar heat production devices, the at plate solar air heaters are applicable for low temperature heating processes with an operating temperature range of 60 to 85°C [3]. e thermal performance improvement in rectangular duct solar air heaters is achieved by incorporating the techniques like arti cial roughness, jet impingement, ns, and ba es [4]. e thermal performance enhancement techniques raise uid friction and improve the pumping power consumption. e researchers also utilized novel roughness shapes such as winglike tabulators [5], trapezoidal louvered winglets with wavy grooves [6], and double pass [7] arrangements to maximize the thermos hydraulic performance of rectangular duct solar air heater. ese techniques effectively improve the heat transfer rate with a penalty of higher consumption in pumping power. en it is identified that usage of triangular flow passages lowers the pressure drop and minimizes the consumption of pumping power [8].
e triangular ducts can integrate with artificial roughness and can produce a better performance as compared with conventional ducts. e influence of apex angle and dimple roughness on heat transfer and frictional characteristics of triangular air heater was experimentally investigated by Goel et al. and revealed that an apex angle of 60°makes the system more efficient [9]. Kumar et al. improved the thermohydraulic features of triangular duct channels by incorporating semicircular ribs and concluded that lower pitch distance and higher roughness height values improved the system performance by 2.2 times as compared with conventional system [10]. e provision of the rounded corner and straight ribs on triangular channels are investigated by Kumar et al. who observed the performance augmentation by 2.48 times at the Reynold number of 18000 and the relative roughness pitch value of 12 [11]. e researchers also investigated the aspect ratio of straight ribs suitable for triangular channels and concluded that providing the aspect ratio rib roughness values of 4.0 improves the hydraulic performance parameter by 1.89 times as compared with earlier studies [12].
Bharadwaj et al. [13] experimentally analyzed the heated triangular duct by using inclined rib roughness and suggested formulating a correlation between energy transfer and frictional factors as a function of inclined rib roughness parameters. Singh [14] uses recycling and discrete V ribs on TDSAH and concluded that the maximum thermohydraulic performance of the system was 71% at the hydraulic diameter of 0.06 m with a temperature rise parameter of 0.004 kW/m 2 . Kumar et al. [15] also investigated the roughened triangular airflow channels by using CFD analysis for the roughness profiles of elliptical, rectangular, and circular ribs. While comparing the results, it is concluded that the rectangular ribs have superior performance that yields around 1.89 times improvement in thermohydraulic performance [16]. Kumar et al. [17] further carried out a thermal performance investigation in this field by varying the radius of curvature (R c ) of the duct and identified that R c of 0.33 h provides the enhancement by 21 to 25%. Jain et al. [18] incorporated broken inclined ribs on equilateral triangular ducts and carried out the numerical analysis and revealed that relative gap positions with a value of 0.25 provide the thermohydraulic performance parameter of 2 for the Reynolds number ranging from 4000 to 8000.
Nidhul et al. [19] carried out an exegetic performance of TDSAH with the integration of V-shaped rib roughness for the Reynolds number ranges from 5000 to 20000 and concluded that an effective rib angle of 45°yields the maximum exergetic performance of the collector of 2.3%. Misra et al. [20] modified this V shape design with multiple gaps and carried out the investigation numerically for roughness pitch and angle of attack varies from 8 to 14 and 45 to 60°, respectively. Among these conditions, roughness pitch of 10 and angle of attack of 45 formulate better turbulence with a minimum formulation of eddy viscosity. Nidul et al. [21] carried out exergetic performance using an analytical model for straight rectangular ribs and concluded that the enhancement in thermal and exergy efficiency by 36 and 17% for the rib aspect ratio of 4. Kumar et al. [22] compared the exergetic performance of semicircular and square straight ribs and resulted that semicircular ribs enhance the performance by 26%. e analytical and experimental investigations available in triangular duct solar air heaters have been summarized in Table 1. However, it was noted that heat transfer and friction factor analysis were considered for the analysis of artificially roughened TDSAH and less work is conveyed on the first law, effective thermal and exergy based analysis. From the table, it was noticed that exergy based performance analysis was considered for the roughness shaped of straight rectangular, semicircular, and V ribs. ese designs result in lower enhancements of thermal performance on SAH.
e literature studies also recognized that the influence of artificial roughness with inclined circular ribs is not investigated based on its thermohydraulic and exergetic performance. ere is very lesser analysis carried out for triangular air heaters to evaluate its realistic performance on exergy basis. e objective of this work is to improve the performance of solar air heater and investigate the effective thermal and exergetic performance by using inclined circular ribs on triangular duct solar air heaters. e configuration is stated as an inclined rib roughened triangular duct solar air heater (IRTDSAH). During this analysis, the influence of roughness pitch (P) to height (e) ratio (P/e), roughness height (e) to hydraulic diameter (D h ) ratio (e/D h ), and rib inclination angle (α) on effective thermal and exergy efficiency is investigated to identify its optimum values.

Theoretical Analysis
e inclined rib roughened triangular duct solar air heater is illustrated in Figure 1(a). ree identical size plates that are to be considered backplates and absorber plates create the airflow path for the air heater. e triangular channel is covered by insulation at the bottom and sides and a transparent glass cover at the top to minimize heat losses. e inclined wire ribs are attached at the bottom of the absorber plate to act as a tabulator for improving the convection current. e details of the inclined wire ribs and the operating parameters are described in Figure 1(b). e inclined rib attached over the absorber plate breaks the sublayer formulation, and the pitch between the plates and its inclination angle supports flow separation in upstream and flow reattachment in downstream conditions.

ermal Efficiency.
e real usability of IRTDSAH is calculated by considering the quantity of thermal energy flowing inwards to the system through the glass cover and the amount of heat that bring back to the ambient.
It is evaluated by considering the assumption that the roughened absorber plate is working at a mean temperature of T wf and a surrounding temperature of T as [23]. (1) In the above equation, T f is given by the following: e rise in enthalpy of outlet air describes the energy gained by the working fluid evaluated using the relation as follows: Heat removal factor F R from the roughened absorber plate is stated as follows [21]: e thermal performance of IRTDSAH can be calculated by using the equation stated by Hottel-Whiler-Bliss by using the parameters that cumulative heat loss coefficient U L and heat removal factor F R. It is stated as follows [24]: Heat removal factor F R in terms of collector efficiency factor is stated as follows: 3.2. Effective ermal Efficiency. e effective thermal efficiency indicates the performance of IRTDSAH by considering the pumping power losses consumed by the system. It is evaluated by using the equation (7), which consists of efficiency of blower (η B ), efficiency of motor (η m ), efficiency of transmission (η T ), and power plant (η P ) [25].
3.3. Exergy Analysis. Exergy refers to the conversion of available energy into useful energy or work, and so exemplifies the compactness of the solar air heater. Exergy efficiency can also be stated as useful work that a system may produce with respect to the ambient, and it is defined as follows [26]: where E u represents useful exergy output from RTDSAH and E sun exergy input to the system from the Sun. It can be evaluated using the relation as follows [26]: Equation (10) evaluates the irreversibility produced by loss of pressure and energy transfer to the air in the system. It is evaluated as follows: where ∆P is the pressure drop that happens across the solar air heater path. e entropy values describe the energy destruction from the solar air heater that is not able to convert as useful heat with respect to corresponding operating conditions and ambient temperature. It is evaluated using the following equation: 3.4. Analytical Procedure. e energy and exergy analysis of IRTDSAH was evaluated by considering assumptions as follows [27].
(1) e energy and exergy investigations are carried out at the 1D-steady state model. (2) ere is a negligible temperature drop that happens across the components of IRTDSAH.

Mathematical Problems in Engineering
(3) e joints of the air heater are leak-proof.
(4) e variation in convective heat transfer is coefficient across the length of the collector or negligible. (5) Energy transfer that happens in the axial direction of the collector is only considered for evaluate the outlet temperature of air.
e thermal modeling procedure to evaluate the energy and exergetic performance of IRTDSAH is described below.
Step 1: e design parameters of inclined wire roughness and surrounding and operating conditions of SAH are taken from Table 2.  Step 2: It is assumed that the air sucked from the surroundings to the inlet of the SAH is in thermal equilibrium with ambient air temperature. erefore, the rise in temperature at the outlet (T fo ) of the air is evaluated by the following: Here ΔT represents the rise in temperature of air from the absorber surface. It is used to evaluate the rise in temperature (ΔT/I) [18,19,28].
Step 4: e mean temperature of the absorber surface is estimated by using the equation as follows [26]: Step 5: e wasted heat losses through the top cover, back insulations, and side cover of the IRTDSAH due to convection are named as overall heat loss that is evaluated by using the relation [18,19].
In the above relation (18), U b , Ut and U e represent bottom, top, and side losses that happen in the SAH. e top loss of the SAH is influenced by the parameters of wind velocity, glass, and absorber plate temperature. Akhtar and Mullick correlation describes the top loss as follows [22]: e terms in equation (16) are evaluated using the relations as follows: athematical Problems in Engineering 5 e edge and bottom losses from the system are evaluated using the relation as follows [21]: Step 6: e useful energy gain from the IRTDSAH is given by the following: Step 7: e mass flow rate that happens in the IRTDSAH is evaluated by the following equations [21]: Step 8: en the convective heat transfer coefficient of IRTDSAH is calculated based on the Nusselt number correlation that incorporates the relation between the nondimensional inclined wire roughness design parameters is as follows [13]: Step 9: e plate efficiency factor F′ is calculated by using the value of convective heat transfer coefficient value h c and the heat loss coefficient value of UL by using the relation shown below [21]: Step 10: e outlet temperature based heat gain value (Qu 2 ) is calculated using the equation as mentioned below [21,22]: Step 11: en, the deviation between Q u2 and Q u1 is evaluated. If the difference between the heat gain values is more than 0.01%, then the mean plate temperature of the IRTDSAH is recalculated and resubstituted by equations (22) and (28). e procedure is repeated from the sequence of steps 4 to Step 10 up to the attainment of convergence [26].
Once the convergence is achieved, then the energy efficiency of the SAH is evaluated using equation (5).
Step 12: e frictional flow resistance occurred by the inclined rob roughness is evaluated by using the correlations, and the pump power requirement for propelling the air is given by the following [13]: (29) Step 13: e evaluated friction factor from equation (29) is substituted in equation (30) to estimate the pressure drop (ΔP) and loss of pumping power (P m ) that occurs in IRTDSAH [27].
e effective thermal efficiency based performance of the IRTDSAH is evaluated by using the relation stated in equation (7).

Results and Discussion
e inclined rib roughened triangular duct solar air heater is analytically investigated and the influence of roughness pitch (P) to height (e) ratio (P/e), roughness height (e) to hydraulic diameter (D h ) ratio (e/D h ), and rib inclination angle (α) on thermal, effective and exergy efficiency of the IRTDSAH are presented in following sections.

Effect of Rib Roughness Angle (α) on ermal Performance of IRTDSAH.
e wire ribs are mounted on the IRTDSAH absorber plate with the inclination of angle α varies from 30°t o 75°, and its effects on the thermal effective thermal and exergy efficiency are shown in Figures 2-7. Figure 2 reveals the impact of rib roughness angle (α) ranges from 30 to 75°on the thermal efficiency of IRTDSAH, while flowing of air at the Reynolds number from 2000 to 35000, and maintaining other roughness parameters are constant, i.e., e/D h � 0.043 and P/e � 12. While increasing the Reynolds number from 2000 to 35000, the thermal efficiency of IRTDSAH improved by a maximum of 52.8% to 83.8% for the rib inclination angle (α) value of 75°. While decreasing the value of α decreases the thermal performance of IRTDSAH due to the production of thermally dead zones.    D h � 0.043 and P/e � 12. e thermal efficiency values were found to increase with the increase in α. e maximum thermal efficiency value found in the analysis is 83.61% at α � 75°. Comparatively at a higher angle of attack, the thermal efficiency is higher because of effective flow reattachment in the boundary layer. Figure 4 reveals the impact of rib roughness angle (α) ranges from 30 to 75°on the effective thermal efficiency of IRTDSAH, while flowing of air at the Reynolds number from 2000 to 35000, and maintaining other roughness parameters are constant, i.e., e/D h � 0.043 and P/e � 12.
e effective efficiency values found increases up to the critical Reynolds Number as shown in Table 3. e maximum effective efficiency value found in the analysis is 80.26% in α � 75°at 17534 Reynolds number. For the same Reynolds number with α � 30°the effective efficiency is 79.94%, while the trend gets reversed at higher Reynolds numbers (>25000) that α � 30°yields better performance due to offering lesser flow resistance and consumption of lower pumping power. At a higher Reynolds Number, the pressure drop increases due to the turbulent flow nature of the air. Due to this reason, there is a dip in effective efficiency after the 17528 Reynolds Number. Comparatively, at a higher angle of attack, the effective efficiency is higher, which is evident. Figure 5 reveals the impact of rib roughness angle (α) ranging from 30 to 75°on the effective thermal efficiency of IRTDSAH while producing hot air with a rise in temperature parameter value ranging from 0.001 to 0.03 K·m 2 /W and maintaining other roughness parameters are constant, i.e., e/ D h � 0.043 and P/e � 12. e effective efficiency values found increase up to the critical value of rising in temperature parameter as shown in Table 4. e maximum effective efficiency value found in the analysis is 80.26% at α � 75°. Comparatively, at a higher angle of attack, the effective efficiency is higher. Figure 6 reveals the impact of rib roughness angle (α) ranges from 30 to 75°on exergy efficiency of IRTDSAH, while flowing of air at the Reynolds number from 2000 to 35000, and maintaining other roughness parameters are constant, i.e., e/D h � 0.043 and P/e � 12. e exergy efficiency values were found to increase up to the critical value of the Reynolds number, as shown in Table 5. e maximum exergy efficiency value found in the analysis is 2.87% at α � 75°at Re of 1864, and a further rise in Re > 1864 reduces the exergy efficiency. Comparatively, at operating the air heater lower angle of attack declines the second law efficiency of the system due to higher exergy losses and destructions at a lower Reynolds number. At the system operated at a Reynolds number >20000, it produces a negative value of exergy efficiency for all the values of α due to the rise in internal exergy destruction parameter such as fluid friction occurring between absorber plate and working fluid. Figure 7 reveals the impact of rib roughness angle (α) ranges from 30 to 75°on exergy efficiency of IRTDSAH while producing hot air with a rise in temperature parameter value ranging from 0.001 to 0.03 K·m 2 /W, and maintaining other roughness parameters are constant, i.e., e/D h � 0.043 and P/ e � 12. e exergy efficiency values were found to increase with the increase in ∆T/I and α till ∆T/I � 0.03 K·m 2 /W. e maximum exergy efficiency value found in the analysis is 2.87% at α � 75°. Comparatively, at a higher angle of attack, the exergy efficiency is higher. It is observed that at higher ∆T/I, the exergy efficiency value increases.

Effect of Roughness Height (e)-to-Hydraulic Diameter (D h ) Ratio (e/D h ) on ermal Performance of IRTDSAH.
e wire ribs are mounted on the IRTDSAH absorber plate with roughness height to diameter ratio (e/D h ) varying from 0.021 to 0.042, and its effects on the thermal effective thermal and exergy efficiency are shown in Figures 8-14. Figure 8 reveals the rib roughness height (e) to hydraulic diameter (D h ) ratio ranging from 0.021 to 0.043 on the thermal efficiency of IRTDSAH, while flowing of air at the Reynolds number from 2000 to 35000, and maintaining other roughness parameters are constant, i.e., α � 0.75°and P/e � 12. e maximum thermal efficiency value found in the analysis is 83.8% at e/D h � 0.043. While increasing the Reynolds number from 2000 to 35000, the thermal efficiency of IRTDSAH improved by a maximum of 53.1% to 83.8% for the rib roughness height (e) to hydraulic diameter (D h ) ratio (e/D h ) value of 0.043. While decreasing the value of e/D h decreases the thermal performance of IRTDSAH due to the poor formulation, secondary flow reattachment points at the downward part of IRTDSAH. Figure 9 reveals the impact of rib roughness height (e) to hydraulic diameter (D h ) ratio from 0.021 to 0.043 on the thermal efficiency of IRTDSAH while producing hot air with a rise in temperature parameter value ranging from 0.001 to 0.03 K·m 2 /W, and maintaining other roughness parameters are constant, i.e., α � 75°and P/e � 12. e thermal efficiency         Table 6. e maximum effective efficiency value found in the analysis is 80.26% in e/ D h � 0.043 at 17534 Reynolds number. For the same Reynolds number with e/ D h � 0.021, the effective efficiency is 79.76%, while the trend gets reversed at higher Reynolds numbers (>25000) that e/ D h � 0.021 yield better performance due to offering lesser flow resistance and consumption lower pumping power. At a higher Reynolds number, the pressure drop increases due to the increment in roughness size increasing the pressure drop. Due to this reason, there is a dip in effective efficiency after the 17534 Reynolds Number. Comparatively, at higher relative roughness height, the effective efficiency is higher, which is evident. Figure 11 reveals the impact of rib roughness height (e) to hydraulic diameter (Dh) ratio (e/D h ) ranging from 0.021 to 0.043 on the effective thermal efficiency of IRTDSAH while producing hot air with a rise in temperature parameter value ranging from 0.001 to 0.03 K·m 2 /W, and maintaining other roughness parameters are constant, i.e., α � 75°and P/ e � 12. e effective efficiency values found increase up to the critical value of rising in temperature parameter as shown in Table 7. e maximum effective efficiency value found in the analysis is 80.26% at e/D h � 0.043. Comparatively, at higher roughness height, the effective efficiency is higher. Figure 12 reveals the impact of rib roughness height (e) to hydraulic diameter (D h ) ratio (e/D h ) on the exergy efficiency of IRTDSAH while flowing air at the Reynolds number from 2000 to 35000 and maintaining other roughness parameters that are constant, i.e., α � 75°and P/ e � 12. e exergy efficiency values found to increase up to the critical value of the Reynolds number, as shown in Table 8. e maximum exergy efficiency value found in the analysis is 2.87% at e/D h � 0.043 and at Re of 1864, and a further rise in Re > 1864 reduces the exergy efficiency. Comparatively, at operating the air heater lower rib roughness height (e) to hydraulic diameter (D h ) ratio declines the second law efficiency of the system due to higher exergy losses and destructions at a lower Reynolds number. At the system operated at a Reynolds number >20000, it produces a negative value of exergy efficiency for all the values of e/D h due to the rise in internal exergy destruction parameters such as fluid friction occurs between absorber plate and working fluid. Figure 13 reveals the impact of rib roughness height (e) to hydraulic diameter (D h ) ratio (e/D h ) ranging from 0.021 to 0.043 on exergy efficiency of IRTDSAH, while producing hot air with a rise in temperature parameter value ranges from 0.001 to 0.03 K·m 2 /W, and maintaining other roughness parameters are constant, i.e., α � 75°and P/e � 12. e exergy efficiency values were found to increase with the increase in ∆T/I and α till ∆T/I 0.03 K·m 2 /W. e maximum exergy efficiency value found in the analysis is 2.87% at e/D h � 0.043. Comparatively, at higher e/D h the exergy efficiency is higher. It is observed that at higher ∆T/I the exergy efficiency value increases.

Effect of Roughness Pitch (P)-to-Height (e) Ratio (p/e) on
ermal Performance of IRTDSAH. e wire ribs are mounted on the IRTDSAH absorber plate with roughness pitch (p) to height (e) ratio (p/e) varies from 4 to 16, and its effects on the thermal effective thermal and exergy efficiency are shown in Figures 13-17. Figure 14 reveals the impact of rib roughness pitch (p) to height (e) ratio (p/e) ranging from 4 to 16 on the thermal     Figure 15 exemplifies the impact of roughness pitch (p) to height (e) ratio (p/e) on the thermal efficiency of IRTDSAH while producing hot air with a rise in temperature parameter value ranging from 0.001 to 0.03 K·m 2 /W and maintaining other roughness parameters are constant, i.e., e/ D h � 0.043 and α � 75°. e thermal efficiency values were found to increase with the increase in p/e value up to 12 and achieving the maximum thermal efficiency value of 83.61%. Comparatively providing the p/e of 12 improves the thermal efficiency because of the increase in reattachment points in the boundary layer and enriching the local heat transfer coefficients. Figure 16 rib roughness pitch (p) to height (e) ratio (p/e) ranges from 4 to 16 on the effective thermal efficiency of IRTDSAH, while flowing of air at the Reynolds number from 2000 to 35000, and maintaining other roughness parameters are constant, i.e., α � 75°and e/D h � 0.043. e effective efficiency values found increase up to the critical Reynolds Number, as shown in Table 9. e maximum effective efficiency value found in the analysis is 80.26% in P/e � 12 at the Reynolds number of 17534.
For the same Reynolds number with P/e � 4, the effective efficiency is 80%, while the trend gets reversed at higher Reynolds numbers (>25000) that P/e � 4 yield better performance due to offering of lesser flow resistance and consumption of lower pumping power. At a higher Reynolds number, the frictional resistance increases due to the increment in the number of elements, increasing the pressure drop. Due to this reason, there is a dip in effective efficiency after the 17534 Reynolds Number. Figure 17 reveals the impact rib roughness pitch (p) to height (e) ratio (p/e) ranges from 4 to 16 on the effective thermal efficiency of IRTDSAH, while producing hot air with a rise in temperature parameter value ranges from 0.001 to 0.03 K·m 2 /W, and maintaining other roughness parameters are constant, i.e., α � 75°and e/D � 0.043. e effective efficiency values found increase up to the critical value of rise in temperature parameter as shown in Table 10. e maximum effective efficiency value found in the analysis is 80.26% at P/e � 12. Figure 18 reveals the impact of rib roughness pitch (p) to height (e) ratio (p/e) on the exergy efficiency of IRTDSAH while flowing of air at the Reynolds number from 2000 to 35000, and maintaining other roughness parameters are constant, i.e., α � 75°and e/D h � 0.042. e exergy efficiency values were found to increase up to the critical value of the Reynolds number, as shown in Table 11. e maximum exergy efficiency value found in the analysis is 2.87% at P/ e � 12 at the Re of 1864 and a further rise in Re > 1864 reduces the exergy efficiency. Figure 19 reveals the impact rib roughness pitch (p) to height (e) ratio (p/e) ranging from 4 to 16 on exergy efficiency of IRTDSAH while producing hot air with a rise in temperature parameter value ranging from 0.001 to 0.03 K·m 2 /W and maintaining other roughness parameters are constant, i.e., α � 75°and e/D � 0.043. e exergy efficiency values were found to increase with the increase in ∆T/

Entropy
Generation. e influence of e/D h value on entropy generation is described in Figure 20. From the figure, it is observed that the e/D h value of 0.043 produces a lower value of entropy for the Re ranging from 2000 to 6000.
en increase in flow rate rise value of entropy generation and the maximum value destruction occurs during the operating condition that consists of the e/D h value of 0.021.

Conclusion
In the present work, circular wire ribs attached over an absorber plate in an inclined manner act as an artificial roughness for a triangular duct solar air heater. e analytical model is used to evaluate the optimum dimensions of the roughness dimensions relative roughness height of 0.021-0.043, relative roughness pitch of 4-16 and inclination angle of the arc of 30 to 75°. From the analytical results, it is concluded that     (i) While increasing the roughness pitch (P) to height (e) ratio (P/e), roughness height (e) to hydraulic diameter (D h ) ratio (e/D h ), rib inclination angle (α), and mass flow rate improve the thermal performance of the system. It is also noticed that the exergy performance of IRTDSAH decreases with the increase in Reynolds number > 1864 (ii) e maximum thermal efficiency of 83.61% is obtained at P/e of 12, e/D of 0.042, and α of 75°. It is founded that the thermal efficiency is increased with the rise in all these parameters and obtains its maximum value at Re of 35000 (iii) e effective thermal efficiency attains its maximum value of 80.26% at the Re of 17543 with the roughness parameters ranges of P/e of 12, e/D of 0.042, and α of 75°( iv) e maximum exergy efficiency of 2.62% is attained at the Re of 1864 at the optimized operating conditions. e air heater can produce a rise in temperature value 0.005 to 0.03 K·m 2 /W as compared with other systems. e exergy based parameter optimization yields more accurate results to fix the roughness parameters Data Availability e data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.