Neural Plasticity
Volume 2015 (2015), Article ID 846589, 8 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/846589

Research Article

Genotype-Dependent Difference in 5-HT2C Receptor-Induced Hypolocomotion: Comparison with 5-HT2A Receptor Functional Activity

Darya V. Bazovkina,¹ Elena M. Kondaurova,¹ Vladimir S. Naumenko,¹ and Evgeni Ponimaskin²

¹Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
²Cellular Neurophysiology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany

Received 12 March 2015; Accepted 9 August 2015

Academic Editor: Michel Baudry

Copyright © 2015 Darya V. Bazovkina et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

In the present study behavioral effects of the 5-HT2C serotonin receptor were investigated in different mouse strains. The 5-HT2C receptor agonist MK-212 applied intraperitoneally induced significant dose-dependent reduction of distance traveled in the open field test in CBA/Lac mice. This effect was receptor-specific because it was inhibited by the 5-HT2C receptor antagonist RS102221. To study the role of genotype in 5-HT2C receptor-induced hypolocomotion, locomotor activity of seven inbred mouse strains was measured after MK-212 acute treatment. We found that the 5-HT2C receptor stimulation by MK-212 decreased distance traveled in the open field test in CBA/Lac, C57Bl/6, C3H/He, and ICR mice, whereas it failed to affect locomotor activity in DBA/2J, Asn, and Balb/c mice. We also compared the interstrain differences in functional response to 5-HT2C and 5-HT2A receptors activation measured by the quantification of receptor-mediated head-twitches. These experiments revealed significant positive correlation between 5-HT2C and 5-HT2A receptors functional responses for all investigated mouse strains. Moreover, we found that 5-HT2A receptor activation with DOI did not change locomotor activity in CBA/Lac mice. Taken together, our data indicate the implication of 5-HT2C receptors in regulation of locomotor activity and suggest the shared mechanism for functional responses mediated by 5-HT2C and 5-HT2A receptors.

1. Introduction

The neurotransmitter serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) plays a crucial role in the mechanisms regulating a variety of brain functions. Serotonin effects in neurons are mediated by fourteen different receptor isoforms divided into seven groups (i.e., 5-HT₁ to 5-HT₇). With the exception of the 5-HT₃ receptor, which is a transmitter-gated / channel, all other 5-HT receptors belong to a large family of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Among these receptors, 5-H and 5-H receptors are of particular interest because they are implicated in the regulation of multiple behavioral functions as well as in the etiology of affective disorders, including depression, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorder [1–3].

The 5-H receptors are localized almost exclusively within the CNS with negligible expression in cardiac and vascular tissues. These receptors are widely distributed in the cortex, the limbic system, the basal ganglia, and especially the choroid plexus (tissue involved in production of cerebrospinal fluid) [4, 5]. From the functional point of view, the 5-H receptor is postulated to control feeding behavior [6], memory and learning [7], and sleep [8]. The 5-H agonists represent potential pharmacotherapeutics for the treatments of drug abuse and addiction [4, 9], while agomelatine, which is melatonergic agonist and 5-H antagonist, is effective for treatment of depression with relatively mild side effects [10]. In rodents, 5-H agonists can exert motor-suppression [11–13] and anxiogenic effect [14–16] in the elevated plus-maze and in the open field assays, respectively [17]. However, there is no data on the role of genotype for modulation of the 5-H receptor-induced behavioral responses.

Both 5-H and 5-H receptors show considerable homology in their primary and secondary structures as well as in their pharmacological profiles [18–21]. Although the 5-H and 5-H receptors activate the same cellular signal transduction pathways via phospholipase C (PLC) and phospholipase A2 [19], there are several lines of evidences showing that these closely related receptor subtypes could affect behavior in different ways. It has been shown that 5-H and 5-H receptors are involved in the neural control of male sexual motivation and arousal in rats by exerting reciprocal facilitative (5-H) or suppressive (5-H) influences [22]. Moreover, 5-H and 5-H antagonists affect the drinking behavior [23] and spatial reversal learning [24] in rats in the opposite ways. The distinct and in some cases opposite effects of 5-H and 5-H receptors have been also shown for various cocaine-mediated behavioral effects [25]. In addition, 5-H and 5-H receptors stimulation is differentially involved in the cortical dopamine efflux [26]. These data suggest the reciprocal function of 5-H and 5-H receptors in the brain.

The functional response of 5-H receptor can be determined by its activation with phenethylamine hallucinogens such as R(-)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI) which induces 5-H receptor-mediated head-twitch behavior in mice and rats [27–29]. However, it is still unknown whether a defined behavior can represent a specific read-out for the 5-H receptors activation, although a number of 5-H receptors-related behaviors are described. The goals of the present study were thus (i) to find behavioral effect of 5-H receptor activation which can be used as 5-H receptors specific read-out for functional response and (ii) to evaluate and compare the 5-H and 5-H receptors functional responses in different inbred mouse strains. For this purpose, we first examined the effects of 5-H receptors agonist in wide range of doses on behavior in the open field test. Secondly, we studied and compared the effect of 5-H receptor activation on locomotor activity with the effect of 5-H receptor activation on head-twitches number in seven inbred mouse strains.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Animals

Experiments were carried out on adult (10–12 weeks) male mice of CBA/Lac, C3H/He, C57Bl/6, ICR, DBA/2J, Asn, and Balb/c inbred strains. The mice were housed under standard laboratory conditions in a natural light-dark cycle (12 h light and 12 h dark) with free access to water and food. Two days prior to experiment the mice weighing about 25 g were isolated into individual cages to remove the group effect. All experimental procedures were in compliance with Guidelines for the Use of Animals in Neuroscience Research, 1992. All efforts were made to minimize the number of animals used and their sufferings. The study was carried out on the base of ICG SD RAS vivarium (RFMEFI61914X0005 and RFMEFI61914X0010).

2.2. Drugs

5-H receptor selective agonist MK-212 (2-chloro-6-(1-piperazinyl)pyrazine hydrochloride, 6-chloro-2-(1-piperazinyl)pyrazine hydrochloride, [30] Torcis Bioscience, UK) was dissolved in saline and administered intraperitoneally.

Selective 5-H receptor antagonist RS 102221 (8-[5-(2,4-dimethoxy-5-(4-trifluoromethylphenylsulphonamido)phenyl-5-oxopentyl)]-1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decane-2,4-dione hydrochloride (Torcis Bioscience, UK)) was dissolved in the saline and administered intraperitoneally.

Preferential 5-H receptor agonist DOI (()-1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane hydrochloride, ()-2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine hydrochloride (Sigma Aldrich, USA)) was dissolved in saline and administered intraperitoneally.

2.3. Open Field Test

The open field test was performed using round (40 cm in diameter) arena; the plastic walls were 25 cm high. The floor of the arena was made of mat and semitransparent plastic. The arena was placed on the mount at 40 cm above two halogen lamps of 12 W each. The light from the lamps diffused by the semitransparent floor was transmitted through the arena to the objective of digital camera (Panasonic) placed at 80 cm above the arena. A mouse was placed near the wall of the arena and tested during 5 minutes. The arena was carefully cleaned after each test. The video stream from the camera was analyzed frame-by-frame using the original EthoStudio software [31]. The total distance traveled (cm) and time spent in the center of arena were measured automatically for each mouse while amount of rearing and amount and time of grooming were measured by an observer blind to experimental design.

For estimation of 5-H receptors agonist effects on behavior in open field test the CBA/Lac mouse strain was used since high sensitivity to MK-212 was shown for these mice in separate experimental series: it was shown that MK-212 significantly reduced distance traveled in the open field. The efficiency of locomotor activity reduction was calculated as the ratio (%) of the difference between the mean distance traveled by mice treated with saline and the mean distance traveled by mice treated with MK-212 related to the mean distance traveled by saline group.

Consider , where represents the efficiency of locomotor activity reduction and Ls and Lmk represent the mean distance traveled by saline and MK-212 group, respectively.

To estimate the selectiveness of MK-212, this 5-H agonist was administered to mice of CBA strain pretreated with selective 5-H antagonist RS 102221 (2.0 mg/kg, i.p.) 30 min prior to the open field test and 10 min prior to MK-212 administration (2.0 mg/kg, i.p.). Optimal doses and time spans after drug administration were selected in separate experimental series where the wide range of doses (0.1, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 mg/kg) was utilized.

To study the possible influence of DOI on locomotor activity that could be mediated by the 5-H receptor, the effect of this drug on the behavior in the open field arena was estimated as well. DOI was administered intraperitoneally at doses 1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg 20 min prior to open field test. The distance traveled in the open field was measured according to above-described procedure.

2.4. Functional Activity of the 5-HT2A Receptor

The 5-H receptor functional activity (sensitivity) was evaluated by the number of 5-H receptor-mediated head-twitches induced by intraperitoneal administration of DOI (1 mg/kg) as previously described [29]. The count of head-twitches was started 5 min after the drug administration and lasted for 20 min.

2.5. Statistical Analysis

The results were presented as mean (m) ± SEM or m + SEM and compared by means of one- or two-way ANOVA followed by post hoc Fisher’s test. The interstrain correlation study was performed by Pearson correlation using strain means.

3. Results

3.1. Behavioral Effects of the 5-HT2C Receptor in CBA/Lac Mouse Strain

The open field test is widely used to evaluate the locomotor activity (total distance traveled in the open field arena) and anxiety-like behavior (time spent in the central part of the arena) in rodents [32, 33]. To analyze the role of 5-H receptor stimulation in modulation of locomotor activity, animals were subjected to the open field test after intraperitoneal injection of increasing concentrations of receptor agonist MK-212 (0.1, 1.0, 2.0, or 4.0 mg/kg). Administration of 5-H receptor agonist induced significant dose-dependent reduction of the distance traveled in the open field in mice of CBA/Lac strain (, ; Figure 1). It is noteworthy that all doses, except for the lowest one (0.1 mg/kg), significantly decreased the path length, while highest MK-212 dose (4.0 mg/kg) produced almost threefold suppression of locomotor activity. For the time spent in the center, one-way ANOVA analysis did not show any effect of 5-H receptor agonist (, ), but the post hoc analysis revealed significant decrease in this index in MK-212-treated (4.0 mg/kg) CBA mice compared to the saline group (; Table 1). MK-212-induced decrease in locomotor activity was 5-H receptor-specific, since the pretreatment of animal with i.p. injection of the highly selective 5-H receptor antagonist RS 102221 (2.0 mg/kg) significantly suppressed MK-212-induced reduction of distance traveled in the open field (; ; Figure 2).

Table 1: Behavior of CBA mice treated with MK-212 and saline in the open field test.

Time spent in center, %
Amount of rearing
Amount of grooming
Time of grooming

Saline
10.3 ± 4.3
4.8 ± 2.0
0.8 ± 0.3
4.1 ± 2.7

0.1
7.2 ± 3.5
2.5 ± 1.2
1.3 ± 0.4
2.1 ± 0.8

1.0
5.9 ± 1.9

1.0 ± 0.4
5.1 ± 2.2

2.0
5.5 ± 2.6

0.3 ± 0.2
1.1 ± 0.7

4.0

0.6 ± 0.3
2.2 ± 1.2

Data are presented as the mean ± SEM ( per group). Time spent in center is presented as the percentage to total time of test. Statistically significant differences: , versus saline group.

Figure 1: Effect of different doses of selective 5-H receptor agonist MK-212 on distance traveled in the open field test in CBA mice. The data are presented as the mean ± SEM ( per group; , versus saline group).

Figure 2: Effect of selective 5-H receptor antagonist RS 102221 on MK-212-induced hypolocomotion in the open field test in CBA mice. RS 102221 (2 mg/kg, i.p.) was administrated 10 min prior to MK-212 injection (2 mg/kg, i.p.) and 30 min prior to starting the behavioral test. The mice of control groups obtained double vehicle or vehicle plus MK-212 administration. The data are presented as mean ± SEM ( per group; , compared with double vehicle group; compared with vehicle plus MK-212 group).

We also analyzed number of rearing events as a measure of exploratory behavior and anxiety [34]. Amount of rearing was significantly decreased after administration of 5-H receptor agonist (, ; Table 1). Moreover, no rearing was observed after administration of the highest dose (4 mg/kg) of MK-212. In contrast, the 5-H receptor stimulation failed to affect grooming behavior, since neither amount (, ) nor time of grooming in all utilized doses (, ) manifested statistically different behavioral patterns (Table 1).

These combined results demonstrate that the total distance traveled in the open field arena represents the most convenient parameter for registration of the 5-H receptor functional response.

3.2. Role of Genotype in 5-HT2C Receptor-Mediated Behavioral Effects

To study the role of genotype in behavioral effect mediated by the 5-H receptor, mice of seven inbred strains were tested in the open field test after acute treatment with MK-212 (i.p., 2.0 mg/kg; Figure 3). We have chosen the 2.0 mg/kg dose of MK-212 because it produced considerable, but not dramatic, decrease in distance traveled in the open field. In these experiments we obtained significant effect of the drug (, ), genotype (, ), and genotype drug interaction (, ) on distance traveled. It is however noteworthy that MK-212 decreased locomotor activity in the open field test only in CBA/Lac, C57Bl/6, C3H/He, and ICR strains with the most significant effect obtained in CBA/Lac and C3H/He mouse strains, in which MK-212 led to more than twofold reduction of locomotor activity (Figure 3). In contrast, the 5-H receptor stimulation did not alter the distance traveled in DBA/2J, Asn, and Balb/c strains (Figure 3). The decrease of distance traveled in the open field test was about 30 percent in C57Bl/6 and ICR animals treated with MK-212, when compared with corresponding saline groups (Figure 4(a)). Thus, 5-H receptor-mediated hypolocomotion is strongly dependent on genotype.

Figure 3: Effect of selective 5-H receptor agonist MK-212 (2 mg/kg, i.p.) on locomotor activity in the open field test in seven inbred mouse strains. The data are presented as mean ± SEM ( per group; , , and compared with corresponding control).

(a)

(b)

Figure 4: Functional activity of 5-H and 5-H receptors in seven inbred mouse strains. (a) The efficiency of locomotor activity reduction was calculated as the ratio (%) of the difference between the mean distance traveled by mice treated with saline and the mean distance traveled by mice treated with MK-212 related to the mean distance traveled by saline group. (b) Functional activity of 5-H receptor was estimated by number of 5-H receptor-mediated head-twitches induced by 5-H agonist DOI (1 mg/kg, i.p.). The data are presented as mean ± SEM ( per group; compared with C57Bl/6, ICR, DBA/2J, Asn, and Balb/c strains; compared with Balb/c strain).

3.3. Comparison of 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C Behavioral Effects Along the Different Mouse Strains

To investigate a possible functional cross-reactivity between 5-H and 5-H receptors, the effect of 5-H receptor agonist DOI (1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg, i.p.) on locomotor activity was measured. These experiments revealed that both utilized doses of DOI were not effective in terms of reduction of distance traveled in the open field (, ). The traveled path lengths were , , and  cm for 1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg DOI and for the control group, respectively.

In order to evaluate the role of genotype in modulation of the functional activity via the 5-H receptors and compare the latter with functional response of 5-H receptors, the number of 5-H receptor-mediated head-twitches induced by 5-H receptor agonist DOI (1.0 mg/kg, i.p.) was analyzed in different mouse strains. Treatment of animals with DOI produced head-twitches in all investigated mouse strains, but the intensity of this 5-H receptor-induced behavioral response was strain-dependent (, ; Figure 4(b)). The most considerable effect was observed in CBA/Lac and C3H/He mice with and receptor-mediated head-twitches, respectively. The weakest effect of DOI was obtained in Balb/c mice (; Figure 4(b)).

Interestingly that comparison of interstrain differences in functional responses obtained after stimulation of the 5-H and 5-H receptors demonstrated the strong positive correlation (; ; Figure 5) for all studied mouse strains.

Figure 5: Correlation between 5-H and 5-H functional responses in seven inbred mouse strains. Correlation was estimated by the Pearson correlation using strain means. Correlation coefficient, .

4. Discussion

There is a body of evidences indicating that 5-H receptors activation produces locomotor-suppressant effect in rodents [12, 13, 30, 35–37], although some authors reported that only high doses of 5-H agonists reduced locomotion in the open field test [11]. In addition, agonists of the 5-H receptor such as mCPP and MK-212 induce the feeling of anxiety and panic in humans [38, 39] and anxiogenic-like behavior in animals [2, 11, 14, 15, 40]. Also the data obtained in transgenic and knockout mice indicate involvement of 5-H receptors in the regulation of both locomotor activity and anxiety. For example, transgenic mice overexpressing 5-H receptors in cerebral cortex and limbic areas showed decreased wheel-running behavior, reduced activity in the open field arena, and increased anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus-maze [41]. Mutant mice lacking 5-H receptor are reported to exhibit an anxiolytic [42] and hyperactive [43] phenotype. Moreover, these animals were proposed as promising model of compulsive behavior [44].

In our study, selective 5-H agonist MK-212 induced significant dose-dependent reduction of distance traveled in the open field test in mice. This effect was 5-H receptor-specific because it was attenuated by the pretreatment of animals with the selective receptor antagonist RS 102221. It is noteworthy that only a high dose of MK-212 (4.0 mg/kg) reduced time spent in the center of open field arena that could be associated with anxiety-like behavior. Alternatively, this effect can also be explained by dramatic reduction of the total activity. This suggests that 5-H receptor-mediated reduction of locomotor activity represents a more sensitive 5-H receptors functional response than the increase in anxiety-like behavior.

Significant interstrain differences in the MK-212 influence on locomotor activity were found in seven inbred mouse strains. The most prominent effect was found in CBA/Lac strain suggesting a high 5-H receptor functional response in the brains of these mice. In contrast, MK-212 was not effective in DBA/2J, BALB/c, and Asn strains that suppose a low 5-H receptor functional response. Since MK-212 exhibits high efficacy and specificity for the 5-H receptors [45] the possible reason for the interstrain differences could be the different endophenotype related to genetic variance in serotonergic system. For example, it has been reported that C57Bl/6 mice exhibited a sensitized serotonin response to alcohol following repeated treatment, whereas sensitization was not observed in DBA2 animals [17]. Results of our study further confirm the important role of genetic background in behavioral response to 5-H receptor activation, although the precise mechanisms underlying the involvement of 5-H receptors in regulation of locomotor activity are not completely understood.

Considerable interstrain differences were also shown in number of head-twitches induced by 5-H receptors activation that implies the importance of genetic components in the functional state of 5-H receptors. Moreover, we found that the mouse strains demonstrating the high functional response of 5-H receptor also demonstrated high 5-H receptor-mediated functional activity and vice versa. The comparison of interstrain differences in 5-H receptor-mediated hypolocomotion with 5-H receptor-mediated head-twitches revealed the significant correlation between 5-H and 5-H receptor functional responses. These data suggest the shared mechanisms for the regulation of 5-H and 5-H receptors functional responses. At the same time, there are a lot of data on functional cross talk [46–49] as well as direct interaction between different serotonin receptors [50, 51]. For example, the functional cross talk between 5-H and 5-H receptor [47, 52] as well as between 5-H receptor and tryptophan hydroxylase-2 and 5-HT transporter [53] has been previously shown. Thus, the correlation between functional responses of 5-H and 5-H receptors might be mediated by the heterodimerization between these receptors, although this suggestion requires further investigations.

It has been shown that 5-H receptor agonist DOI at higher dose has an affinity to the 5-H receptor [27]. Here we demonstrated the specificity of 5-H receptors activation effect on locomotor activity, since 5-H receptor agonist DOI failed to affect locomotion behavior in the open field. These data are in agreement with the results described earlier [54]. On the other hand, it has been demonstrated that treatment of animal with DOI can increase distance traveled in the open field test [35, 37]. However, this increase was observed in the second half of 60 min observation interval after drug injection, while in present work we studied locomotor activity 20 min after DOI administration. Interestingly, only the high dose of DOI (10.0 mg/kg) produced reduction in locomotor activity suggesting that this response was mediated by 5-H receptors and not by the 5-H receptors. This interpretation is further supported by the finding that the DOI-induced hypolocomotion was blocked by pretreatment with selective 5-H antagonist SER-082 [37]. Thus, these data suggest that 5-H and 5-H receptors could exert opposite effects on locomotor activity.

It is known that serotonin can modulate dopaminergic neurotransmission via 5-H and 5-H receptor subtypes [55–57]. The 5-H receptor agonists stimulate dopamine release [58, 59], while 5-H receptor agonists inhibit dopamine release from the mesoaccumbens and nigrostriatal projections upon agonist stimulation as well as under basal conditions [58, 60–62]. Taking into account the important role of brain dopamine system for the regulation of sensomotor integrity [63] and skeletal muscle contraction [64], the contrary effects of 5-H and 5-H receptor activation on locomotor activity could be attributed to the opposed regulatory influence on dopamine release regulated by these receptors. Moreover, since we found correlation between 5-H receptor-mediated hypolocomotion and 5-H receptor-mediated head-twitches, one could suggest that similar level of functional state of these receptor subtypes may be important for the serotonin-related regulation of dopamine release.

In conclusion, we demonstrated that acute administration of 5-H receptor agonist caused significant dose-dependent reduction of locomotor activity in mice. Thus, the intensity of 5-H receptor-mediated hypolocomotion could be used as a suitable read-out for the 5-H receptors functional state in the brain. In addition, comparison of 5-H receptor-induced reduction of locomotor activity in seven different inbred mouse strains was performed and the considerable difference in genetically defined 5-H receptor functional response was found. We also obtained the interstrain correlation of 5-H receptor-mediated hypolocomotion and 5-H receptor-mediated head-twitches number, suggesting the shared mechanisms for the regulation of 5-H and 5-H receptors functional responses.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgment

The study was supported by the Russian Scientific Foundation Grant no. 14-25-00038.

References

J. E. Leysen, “5-HT2 receptors,” Current Drug Targets: CNS and Neurological Disorders, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 11–26, 2004.

M. J. Millan, “Serotonin 5-HT2C receptors as a target for the treatment of depressive and anxious states: focus on novel therapeutic strategies,” Thérapie, vol. 60, no. 5, pp. 441–460, 2005.

M. D. Wood, “Therapeutic potential of 5-HT2C receptor antagonists in the treatment of anxiety disorders,” Current Drug Targets. CNS and Neurological Disorders, vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 383–387, 2003.

G. A. Higgins, E. M. Sellers, and P. J. Fletcher, “From obesity to substance abuse: therapeutic opportunities for 5-HT 2C receptor agonists,” Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, vol. 34, no. 10, pp. 560–570, 2013.

M. Isaac, “Serotonergic 5-HT2C receptors as a potential therapeutic target for the design antiepileptic drugs,” Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 59–67, 2005.

J. C. G. Halford and J. A. Harrold, “5- receptor agonists and the control of appetite,” Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol. 209, pp. 349–356, 2012.

S. Khaliq, S. Haider, S. Saleem, Z. Memon, and D. J. Haleem, “Influence of serotonergic 5-HT2c receptor antagonist mesulergine in the reversal of memory deficits induced by mcpp,” Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 75–79, 2012.

D. Kostyalik, Z. Kátai, S. Vas et al., “Chronic escitalopram treatment caused dissociative adaptation in serotonin (5-HT) 2C receptor antagonist-induced effects in REM sleep, wake and theta wave activity,” Experimental Brain Research, vol. 232, no. 3, pp. 935–946, 2014.

D. F. Manvich, H. L. Kimmel, and L. L. Howell, “Effects of serotonin 2C receptor agonists on the behavioral and neurochemical effects of cocaine in squirrel monkeys,” Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, vol. 341, no. 2, pp. 424–434, 2012.

E. Smeraldi and D. Delmonte, “Agomelatine in depression,” Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 873–880, 2013.

A. P. D. M. Cruz, G. Pinheiro, S. H. Alves et al., “Behavioral effects of systemically administered MK-212 are prevented by ritanserin microinfusion into the basolateral amygdala of rats exposed to the elevated plus-maze,” Psychopharmacology, vol. 182, no. 3, pp. 345–354, 2005.

S. Khaliq, B. Irfan, S. Haider, and D. J. Haleem, “m-CPP induced hypolocomotion does not interfere in the assessment of memory functions in rats,” Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 139–143, 2008.

E. D. Levin, J. E. Johnson, S. Slade et al., “Lorcaserin, a 5HT2C agonist, decreases nicotine self-administration in female rats,” Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, vol. 338, no. 3, pp. 890–896, 2011.

E. A. Hackler, G. H. Turner, P. J. Gresch et al., “5-Hydroxytryptamine2C receptor contribution to m-chlorophenylpiperazine and N-methyl-β-carboline-3-carboxamide-induced anxiety-like behavior and limbic brain activation,” The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, vol. 320, no. 3, pp. 1023–1029, 2007.

Q. Li, T. Luo, X. Jiang, and J. Wang, “Anxiolytic effects of 5- receptors and anxiogenic effects of 5- receptors in the amygdala of mice,” Neuropharmacology, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 474–484, 2012.

J. M. Zanoveli, R. L. Nogueira, and H. Zangrossi Jr., “Serotonin in the dorsal periaqueductal gray modulates inhibitory avoidance and one-way escape behaviors in the elevated T-maze,” European Journal of Pharmacology, vol. 473, no. 2-3, pp. 153–161, 2003.

Z. Kapasova and K. K. Szumlinski, “Strain differences in alcohol-induced neurochemical plasticity: a role for accumbens glutamate in alcohol intake,” Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 617–631, 2008.

G. Baxter, G. Kennett, T. Blackburn, and F. Blaney, “5-HT2 receptor subtypes: a family re-united?” Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 105–110, 1995.

K. A. Berg, J. A. Harvey, U. Spampinato, and W. P. Clarke, “Physiological relevance of constitutive activity of 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors,” Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, vol. 26, no. 12, pp. 625–630, 2005.

J. C. Jerman, S. J. Brough, T. Gager et al., “Pharmacological characterisation of human 5-HT₂ receptor subtypes,” European Journal of Pharmacology, vol. 414, no. 1, pp. 23–30, 2001.

G. R. Martin and P. P. A. Humphrey, “Receptors for 5-hydroxytryptamine: current perspectives on classification and nomenclature,” Neuropharmacology, vol. 33, no. 3-4, pp. 261–273, 1994.

N. K. Popova and T. G. Amstislavskaya, “5- and 5- serotonin receptors differentially modulate mouse sexual arousal and the hypothalamo-pituitary-testicular response to the presence of a female,” Neuroendocrinology, vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 28–34, 2002.

K. S. Naumenko, N. K. Popova, and L. N. Ivanova, “Participation of various types of serotonin receptors in the regulation of drinking behavior and salt appetite in rats,” Rossiĭskii fiziologicheskiĭ zhurnal imeni IM Sechenova, vol. 87, no. 3, pp. 360–368, 2001.

V. Boulougouris, J. C. Glennon, and T. W. Robbins, “Dissociable effects of selective 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptor antagonists on serial spatial reversal learning in rats,” Neuropsychopharmacology, vol. 33, no. 8, pp. 2007–2019, 2008.

P. J. Fletcher, A. J. Grottick, and G. A. Higgins, “Differential effects of the 5- receptor antagonist M100,907 and the 5- receptor antagonist SB242,084 on cocaine-induced locomotor activity, cocaine self-administration and cocaine-induced reinstatement of responding,” Neuropsychopharmacology, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 576–586, 2002.

M. Huang, J. Dai, and H. Y. Meltzer, “5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptor stimulation are differentially involved in the cortical dopamine efflux-Studied in 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C genetic mutant mice,” European Journal of Pharmacology, vol. 652, no. 1–3, pp. 40–45, 2011.

W. E. Fantegrossi, J. Simoneau, M. S. Cohen et al., “Interaction of 5-HT2Aand 5-HT2C receptors in R(-)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine-elicited head twitch behavior in mice,” Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, vol. 335, no. 3, pp. 728–734, 2010.

J. González-Maeso, N. V. Weisstaub, M. Zhou et al., “Hallucinogens recruit specific cortical 5-HT(2A) receptor-mediated signaling pathways to affect behavior,” Neuron, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 439–452, 2007.

A. R. Green and D. J. Heal, “The effects of drugs on serotonin-mediated behavioural models,” in Neuropharmacology of Serotonin, A. R. Green, Ed., pp. 326–365, Oxford University, Oxford, UK, 1985.

P. J. Fletcher, M. Tampakeras, J. Sinyard, A. Slassi, M. Isaac, and G. A. Higgins, “Characterizing the effects of 5- receptor ligands on motor activity and feeding behaviour in 5- receptor knockout mice,” Neuropharmacology, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 259–267, 2009.

A. V. Kulikov, M. A. Tikhonova, and V. A. Kulikov, “Automated measurement of spatial preference in the open field test with transmitted lighting,” Journal of Neuroscience Methods, vol. 170, no. 2, pp. 345–351, 2008.

L. Prut and C. Belzung, “The open field as a paradigm to measure the effects of drugs on anxiety-like behaviors: a review,” European Journal of Pharmacology, vol. 463, no. 1–3, pp. 3–33, 2003.

M. M. van Gaalen and T. Steckler, “Behavioural analysis of four mouse strains in an anxiety test battery,” Behavioural Brain Research, vol. 115, no. 1, pp. 95–106, 2000.

W. E. Crusio, “Genetic dissection of mouse exploratory behaviour,” Behavioural Brain Research, vol. 125, no. 1-2, pp. 127–132, 2001.

B. R. Brookshire and S. R. Jones, “Direct and indirect 5-HT receptor agonists produce gender-specific effects on locomotor and vertical activities in C57 BL/6J mice,” Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, vol. 94, no. 1, pp. 194–203, 2009.

E. J. Bull, P. H. Hutson, and K. C. F. Fone, “Reduced social interaction following 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine is not associated with enhanced receptor responsivity,” Neuropharmacology, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 439–448, 2003.

A. L. Halberstadt, I. van der Heijden, M. A. Ruderman et al., “5-HT(2A) and 5-HT(2C) receptors exert opposing effects on locomotor activity in mice,” Neuropsychopharmacology, vol. 4, pp. 1958–1967, 2009.

M. B. Gatch, “Discriminative stimulus effects of m-chlorophenylpiperazine as a model of the role of serotonin receptors in anxiety,” Life Sciences, vol. 73, no. 11, pp. 1347–1367, 2003.

S. M. Southwick, J. H. Krystal, J. D. Bremner et al., “Noradrenergic and serotonergic function in posttraumatic stress disorder,” Archives of General Psychiatry, vol. 54, no. 8, pp. 749–758, 1997.

P. S. D. M. Yamashita, V. C. de Bortoli, and H. Zangrossi Jr., “5-HT2C receptor regulation of defensive responses in the rat dorsal periaqueductal gray,” Neuropharmacology, vol. 60, no. 2-3, pp. 216–222, 2011.

A. Kimura, P. L. Stevenson, R. N. Carter et al., “Overexpression of 5-HT2C receptors in forebrain leads to elevated anxiety and hypoactivity,” European Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 299–306, 2009.

L. K. Heisler, L. Zhou, P. Bajwa, J. Hsu, and L. H. Tecott, “Serotonin 5-HT2C receptors regulate anxiety-like behavior,” Genes, Brain and Behavior, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 491–496, 2007.

K. Nonogaki, L. Abdallah, E. H. Goulding, S. J. Bonasera, and L. H. Tecott, “Hyperactivity and reduced energy cost of physical activity in serotonin 5-HT2C receptor mutant mice,” Diabetes, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 315–320, 2003.

J. M. Chou-Green, T. D. Holscher, M. F. Dallman, and S. F. Akana, “Compulsive behavior in the 5-HT2C receptor knockout mouse,” Physiology & Behavior, vol. 78, no. 4-5, pp. 641–649, 2003.

R. H. P. Porter, K. R. Benwell, H. Lamb et al., “Functional characterization of agonists at recombinant human 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B and 5-HT2C receptors in CHO-K1 cells,” British Journal of Pharmacology, vol. 128, no. 1, pp. 13–20, 1999.

E. M. Kondaurova, V. S. Naumenko, and N. K. Popova, “Effect of chronic activation of 5-HT₃ receptors on 5-HT₃, 5- and 5- receptors functional activity and expression of key genes of the brain serotonin system,” Neuroscience Letters, vol. 522, no. 1, pp. 52–56, 2012.

V. S. Naumenko, D. V. Bazovkina, E. M. Kondaurova, E. A. Zubkov, and A. V. Kulikov, “The role of 5-HT2A receptor and 5-HT2A/5-HT1A receptor interaction in the suppression of catalepsy,” Genes, Brain and Behavior, vol. 9, pp. 519–524, 2010.

V. S. Naumenko, E. M. Kondaurova, and N. K. Popova, “Central 5-HT3 receptor-induced hypothermia in mice: interstrain differences and comparison with hypothermia mediated via 5-HT1A receptor,” Neuroscience Letters, vol. 465, no. 1, pp. 50–54, 2009.

N. K. Popova and V. S. Naumenko, “5-HT1A receptor as a key player in the brain 5-HT system,” Reviews in the Neurosciences, vol. 2, pp. 191–204, 2013.

V. S. Naumenko, N. K. Popova, E. Lacivita, M. Leopoldo, and E. G. Ponimaskin, “Interplay between serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT7 receptors in depressive disorders,” CNS Neuroscience and Therapeutics, vol. 20, no. 7, pp. 582–590, 2014.

U. Renner, A. Zeug, A. Woehler et al., “Heterodimerization of serotonin receptors 5-HT1A and 5-HT7 differentially regulates receptor signalling and trafficking,” Journal of Cell Science, vol. 125, no. 10, pp. 2486–2499, 2012.

V. S. Naumenko, D. V. Bazovkina, and E. M. Kondaurova, “On the functional cross-talk between brain 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors,” Zhurnal Vyssheĭ Nervnoĭ Deiatelnosti Imeni I P Pavlova, vol. 65, no. 2, pp. 240–247, 2015.

V. S. Naumenko, A. S. Tsybko, D. V. Bazovkina, and N. K. Popova, “Implication of 5-HT2A receptors in the genetic mechanisms of the brain 5-HT system autoregulation,” Molecular Biology, vol. 46, pp. 375–380, 2012.

M. A. Fox, H. T. French, J. L. Laporte, A. R. Blackler, and D. L. Murphy, “The serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonist TCB-2: a behavioral and neurophysiological analysis,” Psychopharmacology, vol. 212, no. 1, pp. 13–23, 2010.

K. D. Alex and E. A. Pehek, “Pharmacologic mechanisms of serotonergic regulation of dopamine neurotransmission,” Pharmacology and Therapeutics, vol. 113, no. 2, pp. 296–320, 2007.

V. Di Matteo, G. Di Giovanni, M. Pierucci, and E. Esposito, “Serotonin control of central dopaminergic function: focus on in vivo microdialysis studies,” Progress in Brain Research, vol. 172, pp. 7–44, 2008.

B. L. Roth, “Multiple serotonin receptors: clinical and experimental aspects,” Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 67–78, 1994.

G. Porras, V. Di Matteo, C. Fracasso et al., “5-HT2A and 5-HT2C/2B receptor subtypes modulate dopamine release induced in vivo by amphetamine and morphine in both the rat nucleus accumbens and striatum,” Neuropsychopharmacology, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 311–324, 2002.

C. J. Schmidt, C. K. Sullivan, and G. M. Fadayel, “Blockade of striatal 5-hydroxytryptamine2 receptors reduces the increase in extracellular concentrations of dopamine produced by the amphetamine analogue 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine,” Journal of Neurochemistry, vol. 62, no. 4, pp. 1382–1389, 1994.

G. Di Giovanni, P. De Deurwaerdére, M. Di Mascio, V. Di Matteo, E. Esposito, and U. Spampinato, “Selective blockade of serotonin-2C/2B receptors enhances mesolimbic and mesostriatal dopaminergic function: a combined in vivo electrophysiological and microdialysis study,” Neuroscience, vol. 91, no. 2, pp. 587–597, 1999.

V. Di Matteo, G. Di Giovanni, M. Di Mascio, and E. Esposito, “SB 242 084, a selective serotonin2C receptor antagonist, increases dopaminergic transmission in the mesolimbic system,” Neuropharmacology, vol. 38, no. 8, pp. 1195–1205, 1999.

V. Di Matteo, G. Di Giovanni, M. Di Mascio, and E. Esposito, “Selective blockade of serotonin2C/2B receptors enhances dopamine release in the rat nucleus accumbens,” Neuropharmacology, vol. 37, pp. 265–272, 1998.

S.-P. Onn, A. R. West, and A. A. Grace, “Dopamine-mediated regulation of striatal neuronal and network interactions,” Trends in Neurosciences, vol. 23, pp. S48–S56, 2000.

A. Korchounov, M. F. Meyer, and M. Krasnianski, “Postsynaptic nigrostriatal dopamine receptors and their role in movement regulation,” Journal of Neural Transmission, vol. 117, no. 12, pp. 1359–1369, 2010.