Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
Volume 2021 (2021), Article ID 9999529, 12 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9999529

Research Article

Surgery Treatment Improved the Overall Survival Rate in Locoregional Myxoid Leiomyosarcoma than Other Myxosarcomas in the United States

Marwan Almoiliqy,1,2 Abdullah Al-danakh,³ Mohammed Safi,⁴ Mohammed Alradhi,⁵ Mahmoud AL-Azab,⁶ Salah Adlat,⁷ Wanhai Zhou,¹ Aiman Saleh A. Mohammed,⁸ and Ahmed Al-maamari⁹

¹Key Lab of Aromatic Plant Resources Exploitation and Utilization in Sichuan Higher Education, Yibin University, Yibin, 644000 Sichuan, China
²Department of Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical College, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
³Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
⁴Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
⁵Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
⁶Department of Immunology, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
⁷Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510100, China
⁸Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Interdisciplinary Excellence Center, University of Szeged, Szeged 6720, Hungary
⁹Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China

Correspondence should be addressed to Marwan Almoiliqy; almoiliqy@yahoo.com

Received 7 March 2021; Accepted 20 April 2021; Published 3 May 2021

Academic Editor: Vladimir Jakovljevic

Copyright © 2021 Marwan Almoiliqy et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Myxosarcomas are rare malignant tumors of soft connective tissues, classified into various subtypes, including myxoid liposarcoma, myxoid chondrosarcoma, and myxoid leiomyosarcoma. In this study, we proposed to study the demographic, tumor characteristics, and overall survival rate and compared the treatment modalities between these cancers. Patient data collected based on locoregional metastasis presentation of the abovementioned tumors with a cutoff study of survival duration up to 10 years were obtained from the SEER database during 1975-2016. Our results indicated that elderly patients and females were more in locoregional myxoid leiomyosarcoma than myxoid liposarcoma and myxoid chondrosarcoma with locoregional metastasis. The white race represented the most patients who suffered from these cancers than other races. The heart is the primary site for the abovementioned cancers, in addition to the female genitals to the myxoid leiomyosarcoma. Myxoid liposarcoma and myxoid chondrosarcoma patients with locoregional metastasis were suffering from grade II, while locoregional myxoid leiomyosarcoma patients with blank grading were due to missed data. Surgery was the most common treatment modality in this study compared with radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed a significant difference in survival time between the three subtypes by using histology, and myxoid leiomyosarcoma showed prolonged survival than others. Elderly, female, white, unknown grade, surgery, no radiation, and no chemotherapy variables were independent factors associated with overall survival among these cancers. Multivariate analysis also showed significant differences in overall survival between the three tumors by histology, and myxoid leiomyosarcoma was with a better prognosis than others. Multivariate analysis of locoregional myxoid leiomyosarcoma showed the statistical significance of black race, grade, and radiotherapy, indicating them as independent prognostic factors of locoregional myxoid leiomyosarcoma. We conclude that surgery was the primary treatment modality against these cancers than radiotherapy and chemotherapy. And the locoregional myxoid leiomyosarcomas showed a better prognosis and higher survival rate than locoregional myxoid liposarcoma and locoregional myxoid chondrosarcoma.

1. Introduction

Myxosarcomas are rare malignant tumors of soft connective tissues [1]. Myxomatous areas indicated mucin deposition between the tumorous cells or in their exoplasm, including mesenchymal and epithelial cells [2]. Myxosarcoma mostly occurs in the heart [3, 4] but also may appear in other body locations including bone [5, 6], skin [7, 8], skeletal muscles [9], and ocular [10] and oral [11] cavities. Myxosarcomas are characterized histopathologically with stellate-shape and spare-spindle cells, neoplastic undifferentiated cells, mitotic figures, and mucoid stroma [12–14], and a low rate of myxosarcoma distant metastasis has been reported [15]. Myxosarcoma is mostly treated via surgery [16].

Myxosarcoma tumors are classified into various subtypes, including myxoid liposarcoma, myxoid chondrosarcoma, and myxoid leiomyosarcoma [17, 18]. Myxoid liposarcoma is a subtype of liposarcoma with a low risk of local recurrence than larger tumors [19]. Myxoid liposarcomas represent 5% of soft tissue sarcoma and 10-20% of liposarcoma [20]. However, myxoid liposarcomas may develop metastasis in almost 10% of myxoid liposarcoma patients and constitute 80% of the 5-year overall survival rate and 60% of the 10-year overall survival rate [21]. Myxoid chondrosarcomas are rare in extremities’ soft tissues with less than 3% of soft tissue sarcomas [22]. Despite the myxoid chondrosarcomas characterized with a high risk of local recurrence and high spread rate of metastasis, several studies reported a prolonged survival rate of almost 70% of 10-year overall survival [22–24]. Myxoid leiomyosarcomas are a subtype of leiomyosarcomas characterized as rare, aggressive, and well-recognized uterus tumors [25]. Myxoid leiomyosarcoma showed a poor prognosis and a worse overall survival rate of 5 years, almost 11% [26].

Directed locoregional therapy on the metastasis pattern with additional treatment of the primary tumors may reduce the primary tumor burden, reduce metastasis prognosis, and improve the overall survival rate than systemic treatment to the distant metastasis [27–29]. It is reported that primary tumor resection could promote distant metastasis [30, 31] while this hypothesis was drawn by recent studies and elucidated clinically the role of surgery in reducing the distant metastasis and improving the overall survival rate [32, 33].

The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) is a comprehensive program of incidence, prognosis, and cancer surveillance in the United States (U.S.). SEER is an authoritative program that provides information on cancer statistics in the U.S. to minimize the cancer prognosis on the U.S. population. SEER is supported by the Surveillance Research Program (SRP) in the National Cancer Institute’s (NCI’s) Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences (DCCPS). Among 19 registries around the U.S., cancer data has been collected through a coordinated system. These geographic registries reflect about 35% of the U.S. population, which represents the entire U.S. demographics. Data collection started with a few registries in 1973 and expanded to include more areas in the U.S. [34–36].

Myxoid liposarcomas, myxoid chondrosarcomas, and myxoid leiomyosarcomas are rare tumors with low incidence and survival data, so a comparison study has also been challenging to clarify. So, we proposed to study the demographic, tumor characteristics, and overall survival rates and to compare the treatment modalities between locoregional metastatic myxoid liposarcomas, locoregional metastatic myxoid chondrosarcomas, and locoregional metastatic myxoid leiomyosarcomas during 1975-2017 in 18 registries of the United States based on SEER database analysis.

2. Methods

2.1. Data Collection

2.1.1. Study Cohort

Patient data of myxoid liposarcoma, myxoid chondrosarcoma, and myxoid leiomyosarcoma were obtained from the SEER database of cases diagnosed during 1975-2016 in 18 registries of the United States [37]. All patients were identified based on the international classification of disease for oncology, third edition (ICD-O-3), using codes of myxoid liposarcoma (8850-8889), myxoid chondrosarcoma (9180-9249), and myxoid leiomyosarcoma (8890-8929). The data extracted from the SEER database in this study was based only on the locoregional metastasis presentation of myxoid liposarcoma, myxoid chondrosarcoma, and myxoid leiomyosarcoma tumors. We obtained a total number of patients of about 1398 of locoregional myxoid liposarcoma, 356 of locoregional myxoid chondrosarcoma, and 129 of locoregional myxoid leiomyosarcoma. Cases with unknown or missing data are included in the descriptive and survival analysis.

2.1.2. Study Measurement

This study’s primary measurement is to identify the locoregional metastasis differences of demographic, tumor characteristics, and survival rates between these three rare myxoid tumors (myxoid liposarcoma, myxoid chondrosarcoma, and myxoid leiomyosarcoma) among 18 registries of the United States during1975-2016. All variables included in this study are based on the cutoff study of survival duration up to 10 years [37].

2.1.3. Variable Study

All patient data are extracted from the SEER database. Demographic data were organized as age at diagnosis, gender, and race. The age variable was studied in two categories (less than 50 and greater than 50) to ease the analysis. The race was categorized as white, black, and others (Asian and others). The anatomical locations were categorized into six variables, including soft tissue including heart, retroperitoneum, bones and joints, female genitals, digestive organs, and others. Oncology study includes grading and survival analysis. The tumor grade in the SEER database was classified into grades I, II, III, IV, and unknown. Overall survival rate analysis is performed based on the study cutoff selection of patient data from SEER. So, all cases in this study considered only the patients with 10-year survival (120 months). The SEER database’s treatment variables, including surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, were included in this study. In surgery treatment, the patients were categorized into two variables: whether they performed the surgery or not (yes/no). Radiation and chemotherapy variables include the patients who received treatment or not (yes/no) [37].

2.2. Statistical Analysis

Data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 22 (SPSS, IBM Company, Chicago, USA). Chi-squared tests are used to analyze the variables. Categorical variables were analyzed as frequency and percentage. Ten-year overall survival was calculated using Kaplan-Meier to estimate the survival rate with a log-rank test. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression was studied to analyze the confounding variables. was used as a significant value in the study.

3. Results

3.1. Myxoid Liposarcoma

3.1.1. Demographics

Among 1398 locoregional metastatic patients of myxoid liposarcoma extracted from the SEER database during 1975-2016, almost 49.1% of cases with age less than 50 years and 50.9% of cases with age greater than 50 years were diagnosed with locoregional myxoid liposarcoma. Myxoid liposarcomas were higher in males than females, with almost 59.4% and 40.6% of cases, respectively. The race variable reported that the white race of almost 82.5% was higher than black and other races of almost 9.7% and 7.9%, respectively, in this tumor, indicating that the male gender and white people were more vulnerable to this cancer. The location of the myxoid liposarcoma tumors showed higher localization of cancer in the heart, which is almost 91.5% of the reported cases compared with other sites (Table 1).

Table 1: Demographic data, tumor characteristics, and treatment modality of locoregional myxoid liposarcoma, locoregional myxoid chondrosarcoma, and locoregional myxoid leiomyosarcoma in the Unites States based on the SEER database.

Demographic chch.
Myxoid liposarcoma
Total ()
(%)
Myxoid chondrosarcoma
Total ()
(%)
Myxoid leiomyosarcoma
Total ()
(%)
value
sig (0.05)

Disease

Age (years)

0.001

    <50
687
49.1%
196
55.1%
47
36.4%

    >50
711
50.9%
160
44.9%
82
63.6%

Sex

0.0001

    Male
831
59.4%
213
59.8%
23
17.8%

    Female
567
40.6%
143
40.2%
106
82.2%

Race

0.002

    White
1153
82.5%
273
76.7%
100
77.5%

    Black
135
9.7%
52
14.6%
24
18.6%

    Other
110
7.9%
31
8.7%
5
3.9%

Grade

0.0001

    Grade I
390
27.9%
49
13.8%
10
7.8%

    Grade II
459
32.8%
116
32.6%
21
16.3%

    Grade III
106
7.6%
35
9.8%
25
19.4%

    Grade IV
112
8.0%
18
5.1%
21
16.3%

    Unknown
331
23.7%
138
48.8%
52
40.3%

Primary site

0.0001

    Heart
1279
91.5%
228
64.0%
43
33.3%

    Retroperitoneum
68
4.9%
1
0.3%
5
3.9%

    Bones and joints
4
0.3%
115
32.3%
0
0.0%

    Female genital organs
3
0.2%
0
0.0%
74
57.4%

    Digestive system
10
0.7%
0
0.0%
4
3.1%

    Others
34
2.4%
12
3.4%
3
2.3%

Surgery

0.0001

    Yes
1331
95.2%
317
89.0%
118
91.5%

    No
67
4.8%
39
11.0%
11
8.5%

Radiotherapy

0.596

    Yes
658
47.1%
157
44.1%
59
45.7%

    No
740
52.9%
119
55.9%
70
54.3%

Chemotherapy

0.002

    Yes
147
10.5%
61
17.1%
18
14.0%

    No
1251
89.5%
259
82.9%
111
86.0%

Cause-specific death to cancer

0.0001

    Yes
120
8.6%
83
23.3%
36
27.9%

    No
1278
91.4%
273
76.7%
93
72.1%

chch: characteristics.

3.1.2. Oncology Characteristics

The reported data of the locoregional metastatic patients during 1975-2016 and obtained from the SEER database with a total number of 1398 myxoid liposarcomas in the United States showed that this tumor has high grading II (32.8%) versus grade I (27.9%), grades III-IV (7.6%-8.0%), and unknown (23.7%) indicating that locoregional metastatic patients with myxoid liposarcomas have high grading of this tumor. The cause of death of most cases of myxoid liposarcoma was not attributed to this tumor as reported in SEER data with almost 91.4% (Table 1).

3.1.3. Treatment

Locoregional metastatic myxoid liposarcoma treatment data are extracted from SEER during 1975-2016, including surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy modalities. Most of the reported cases in the SEER of locoregional metastatic patients with myxoid liposarcoma were performed surgery which is almost 95.2% of the total number of patients, and this result was similar as in the literature [38]. Radiotherapy treatments of patients with locoregional myxoid liposarcoma of data obtained from SEER showed no big difference between received beam radiations versus unreceived patients, almost 47.1% versus 52.9%. Meanwhile, chemotherapy variables showed a higher data of patients who did not receive chemotherapy which is about 89.5% compared with the patients who received treatment which is about 10.5%, and these results of treatment modality indicate that surgery treatment modality was the most performed treatment approach in locoregional myxoid liposarcoma patients (Table 1).

3.2. Myxoid Chondrosarcoma

3.2.1. Demographics

The data of locoregional metastatic patients with myxoid chondrosarcoma obtained from SEER were 356 patients. There are almost 55.1% of cases with age less than 50 years versus 44.9% of cases with age greater than 50 years. The sex variable of locoregional metastatic myxoid chondrosarcomas reported that the male variable was higher than the female variable with almost 59.8% and 40.2% of cases, respectively. White patients were also higher than black and other races, about 76.7%, 14.6%, and 8.7%, respectively, in this tumor, indicating that this tumor mostly affects male and white people than others. The localization of the locoregional metastatic myxoid chondrosarcoma tumor was higher in the heart and bones/joints, almost 64.0% and 32.3%, respectively, of the reported cases compared with other sites (Table 1).

3.2.2. Oncology Characteristics

The data obtained from the SEER database of locoregional metastatic patients with myxoid chondrosarcomas showed that this tumor has higher grade II (32.6%) and unknown (38.8%) versus grades I, III, and IV (13.8%, 9.8%, and 5.1%, respectively), indicating that locoregional metastatic patients with myxoid chondrosarcomas exhibit high grading of this tumor. The cause of death of most cases of locoregional metastatic myxoid chondrosarcomas also was not attributed to this tumor as reported in SEER data with almost 76.7% (Table 1).

3.2.3. Treatment

Most of the cases obtained from the SEER database with locoregional metastatic myxoid chondrosarcomas were performed surgery with almost 89% of the patients’ total number. And data obtained of locoregional metastatic patients with myxoid chondrosarcomas did not show a big difference between cases that received radiotherapy or not, almost 44.1% and 55.9%, respectively. The chemotherapy variables showed a higher data of patients who did not receive chemotherapy, about 82.9%, compared with the patients who received treatment which is almost 17.1%, indicating that surgery is the primary treatment modality in locoregional metastatic myxoid chondrosarcoma patients than radiation and chemotherapy (Table 1).

3.3. Myxoid Leiomyosarcoma

3.3.1. Demographics

Myxoid leiomyosarcomas with locoregional metastatic patients were obtained from the SEER database in the U.S. during 1975-2016, almost 129 cases. The age variable showed that about 63.6% of cases diagnosed with locoregional myxoid leiomyosarcoma were with age greater than 50 years versus 36.4% of cases with age less than 50 years, indicating that this tumor mostly occurs in the older population. The sex variable of locoregional myxoid leiomyosarcoma patients reported that the female variable was higher than the male variable with almost 82.2% and 17.8% of cases. White patients were higher than black and other races, almost 77.5%, 18.6%, and 3.9%, respectively, in this tumor, indicating that the female and white people were more vulnerable to this cancer. The myxoid leiomyosarcoma tumors were higher localized in the female genitals and heart, almost 57.4% and 33.3%, respectively, of the reported cases compared with other sites (Table 1).

3.3.2. Oncology Characteristics

The tumor grading variable of locoregional myxoid leiomyosarcoma reported cases showed that this tumor has higher unknown grading (40.3%) versus grades II, III, and IV (16.3%, 19.4%, and 16.3%, respectively) and less grade I (7.8%). The cause of death of locoregional myxoid leiomyosarcoma cases of almost 72.1% was not attributed to this tumor as reported in SEER data (Table 1).

3.3.3. Treatment

Most of the locoregional myxoid leiomyosarcoma patient’s data obtained from the SEER database are performed surgery with almost 91.5% of the total number of patients. And the data of patients with locoregional myxoid leiomyosarcoma extracted by SEER did not show a big difference between groups receiving and not receiving radiotherapy of almost 45.7% and 54.3%, respectively. And most of the cases did not receive chemotherapy treatments, about 86% in this tumor (Table 1).

3.4. Survival Analysis

Kaplan-Meier analysis of overall survival showed a statistically significant difference between histology subtypes of myxoid liposarcoma, myxoid chondrosarcoma, and myxoid leiomyosarcoma of locoregional metastatic patients with log-rank (Figure 1). And locoregional metastatic myxoid leiomyosarcoma patients showed prolonged survival (median 85 months) compared with locoregional metastatic myxoid liposarcoma (median 58 months) and locoregional metastatic myxoid chondrosarcoma (median 60 months) (Figure 1). The Kaplan-Meier study indicated that variables of age more than 50 years, female gender, white race, unknown or missed grade, surgery resection, no radiation, and no chemotherapy variables showed statistical significance of overall survival (Table 2). Patients older than 50 showed statistical significance of survival with a median of 58 months of locoregional myxoid liposarcoma, 63 months of locoregional myxoid chondrosarcoma, and 85 months of locoregional myxoid leiomyosarcoma with log-rank (Table 2, Figure 2), indicating that patients with locoregional myxoid leiomyosarcoma showed prolonged survival than others. Female patients of locoregional myxoid leiomyosarcoma with a median of 85 months showed significantly prolonged survival time compared with locoregional myxoid liposarcoma and locoregional myxoid chondrosarcoma (61 months and 54 months), (Table 2, Figure 2). And white patients also showed prolonged survival in locoregional myxoid leiomyosarcoma (83 months) compared with locoregional myxoid liposarcoma and locoregional myxoid chondrosarcoma (58 months and 59 months, respectively), (Table 2, Figure 2). The tumor grade showed that unknown or missed grading in myxoid leiomyosarcoma has significantly higher overall survival (median 85 months) compared with other tumors (63 and 54 median months, respectively), suggesting the inadequate data collection and poor follow-up of patients to their registries, (Table 2, Figure 2). Among the treatment modalities, surgery resection of myxoid leiomyosarcoma tumors in locoregional metastatic presentation results in prolonged survival time with a median of 84 months compared with locoregional myxoid liposarcoma and locoregional myxoid chondrosarcoma, (Table 2, Figure 2). The locoregional myxoid leiomyosarcoma patients who were not receiving radiotherapy and chemotherapy showed a significant difference in overall survival time and lived prolonged than other locoregional myxoid liposarcoma patients and locoregional myxoid chondrosarcoma patients with log-rank and , respectively (Table 2, Figure 2). Multivariate analysis of histology subtype was also meaningful that showed a statistically significant difference of overall survival between myxoid liposarcoma, myxoid chondrosarcoma, and myxoid leiomyosarcoma of locoregional metastatic patients, , and the locoregional myxoid leiomyosarcoma cases reported better survival time than other cancers (Figure 3). Based on the abovementioned results and comparing these three tumors, we selected the locoregional myxoid leiomyosarcoma to perform univariate and multivariate analyses. And the univariate analysis of locoregional myxoid leiomyosarcoma showed no statistically significant difference in overall survival (Table 3). Moreover, multivariate analysis showed that black race, with a hazard ratio (0.363), 95% CI (0.154-0.855), ; grade IV with a hazard ratio (3.748), 95% CI (1.234-11.384), ; and radiotherapy with a hazard ratio (0.529), 95% CI (0.302-0.926), were independent prognostic factors for locoregional myxoid leiomyosarcoma patients according to data obtained from SEER (Table 3).

Figure 1: Overall survival of patients with locoregional myxoid liposarcoma, locoregional myxoid chondrosarcoma, and locoregional myxoid leiomyosarcoma by histology via Kaplan-Meier analysis with log-rank test and median 58 months, 60 months, and 85 months, respectively, .

Table 2: Overall survival study using Kaplan-Meier analysis on locoregional myxoid liposarcoma, locoregional myxoid chondrosarcoma, and locoregional myxoid leiomyosarcoma in the United States.

Demographic chch
Myxoid liposarcoma
Total ()
Myxoid chondrosarcoma
Total ()
Myxoid leiomyosarcoma
Total ()
Log-rank
sig (0.05)

Disease

Age (years)

    <50
59
54
79
0.073

    >50
58
63
85
0.048

Sex

    Male
57
69
85
0.227

    Female
61
54
85
0.007

Race

    White
58
59
83
0.014

    Black
62
67
102
0.318

    Other
61
71
—
0.538

Grade

    Grade I
55
47
98
0.361

    Grade II
59
70
70
0.226

    Grade III
56
75
83
0.195

    Grade IV
60
92
62
0.610

    Unknown
63
54
85
0.017

Surgery

    Yes
59
62
84
0.008

    No
49
45
85
0.411

Radiotherapy

    Yes
38
47
54
0.268

    No
59
54
89
0.002

Chemotherapy

    Yes
56
49
79
0.431

    No
59
62
85
0.009

chch: characteristics.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

Figure 2: Overall survival of patients with locoregional myxoid liposarcoma, locoregional myxoid chondrosarcoma, and locoregional myxoid leiomyosarcoma via Kaplan-Meier analysis with log-rank test: (a) age more than 50 years, ; (b) female gender, ; (c) white race, ; (d) unknown grade, ; (e) surgery resection, ; (f) radiation (no), ; (g) chemotherapy (no), .

Figure 3: Multivariate analysis of patients with locoregional myxoid liposarcoma, locoregional myxoid chondrosarcoma, and locoregional myxoid leiomyosarcoma using Cox hazard proportion study.

Table 3: Univariate and multivariate analyses on locoregional myxoid leiomyosarcoma in the United States.

Demographic chch
Myxoid leiomyosarcoma
Total ()

Disease

Univariate
Multivariate

Hazard ratio
95% CI (lower-upper)
value
Hazard ratio
95% CI (lower-upper)
value

Age (years)

    <50 vs. >50
1.054
0.655-1.699
0.827
0.619
0.336-1.14
0.124

Sex

    Male vs. female
0.887
0.493-1.597
0.690
1.731
0.618-4.848
0.296

Race

    White
Ref

Ref

    Black
0.764
0.399-1.462
0.416
0.363
0.154-0.855
0.021

    Other
0.613
0.149-2.518
0.498
1.555
0.358-6.756
0.556

Grade

    Grade I
Ref

Ref

    Grade II
1.149
0.449-2.939
0.772
1.406
0.519-3.803
0.503

    Grade III
0.901
0.360-2.256
0.824
1.068
0.410-2.786
0.892

    Grade IV
1.195
0.468-3.053
0.710
3.748
1.234-11.384
0.02

    Unknown
0.933
0.405-2.148
0.870
1.130
0.475-2.686
0.783

Surgery

    Yes vs. no
0.881
0.320-2.425
0.806
1.431
0.360-5.681
0.611

Radiotherapy

    Yes vs. no
1.593
0.993-2.557
0.053
0.529
0.302-0.926
0.026

Chemotherapy

    Yes vs. no
0.971
0.435-2.169
0.943
0.740
0.292-1.873
0.525

chch: characteristics; ref: reference.

4. Discussion

Myxosarcomas are malignant soft tissue tumors characterized by abundant mucus [39]. Myxosarcoma was classified into several subtypes, including myxoid liposarcoma, myxoid chondrosarcoma, and myxoid leiomyosarcoma [18]. Metastasis presentation of myxoid liposarcomas, myxoid chondrosarcomas, and myxoid leiomyosarcomas was higher with locoregional metastasis in all three abovementioned cancers compared with distant metastasis indicating the rare distant metastasis in these cancers, interpreting that locoregional metastasis may provide a prolonged overall survival rate than distant metastasis [40–43]. The SEER database is an authorized software providing statistical information on cancers among several registries in the U.S. [34]. This study performed statistical analysis of demographic, tumor study, and survival among patients of locoregional myxoid liposarcoma, locoregional myxoid chondrosarcoma, and locoregional myxoid leiomyosarcoma in the U.S. based on data extracted from the SEER database during 1975-2016 [37].

Our demographic analysis of locoregional myxoid leiomyosarcomas showed that most patients were older than 50 compared with locoregional myxoid liposarcomas, and locoregional myxoid chondrosarcoma patients were showing no big difference between age variables according to data reported by SEER, and these results are similar to that reported in literature revealing that myxoid leiomyosarcomas occurred mostly in the elderly [44–46]. Myxoid liposarcoma and myxoid chondrosarcoma tumors with locoregional metastasis have mostly male predilection [44, 47, 48], and the locoregional myxoid leiomyosarcoma tumor has commonly female predilection [49]. Our obtained data indicated that cases of myxoid liposarcomas and myxoid chondrosarcomas with locoregional metastasis were mostly male patients. In contrast, locoregional myxoid leiomyosarcoma patients were mainly female due to myxoid leiomyosarcoma’s histological origin, which commonly grows in the uterus [50]. White patients were the most patients suffering from the abovementioned cancers compared with other races, indicating that the white race is more vulnerable to these cancers than other races, as reported in several studies [51, 52]. Our data were indicating that the white race represented the most patients suffering from these cancers in the U.S., according to the SEER database. Myxosarcoma tumors can be grown in various body locations but mostly grow in the heart [53, 54]. In this study, our analysis indicated that locoregional myxoid liposarcoma and locoregional myxoid chondrosarcoma tumors were primarily located in the heart and locoregional myxoid leiomyosarcoma tumors are located mostly in female genitals and heart too.

Oncology analysis of our data obtained from SEER showed that locoregional myxoid liposarcoma and locoregional myxoid chondrosarcoma patients suffering from tumors have grade II differentiation. In contrast, locoregional myxoid leiomyosarcoma patients with blank or unknown grading showed a higher percentage compared with another grading, suggesting that the higher unknown cases in locoregional myxoid leiomyosarcomas were due to the less number of patient data collection and poor follow-up to their registries during that time of registration, which provides missing data compared with other well-reported cancers; however, grades II, III, and IV were higher in locoregional myxoid leiomyosarcoma compared with grade I.

Surgery is the most common approach of treatment modality used against myxoid liposarcomas, myxoid chondrosarcomas, and myxoid leiomyosarcomas compared to radiotherapy and chemotherapy [55, 56]; interestingly, our analysis in this study indicated that the most reported cases of myxoid liposarcomas, myxoid chondrosarcomas, and myxoid leiomyosarcomas with locoregional metastasis were treated with surgery. Meanwhile, in radiotherapy modality, our analysis did not show any statistical significance among myxoid liposarcomas, myxoid chondrosarcomas, and myxoid leiomyosarcomas with locoregional metastasis. And chemotherapy treatment against locoregional metastasis of myxoid liposarcomas, myxoid chondrosarcomas, and myxoid leiomyosarcomas showed statistical significance with a higher percentage of patients who did not receive chemotherapy.

The overall survival rate was better for locoregional localization than distant metastasis, as reported in previous studies [27, 57, 58]. Our study’s overall survival based on Kaplan-Meier analysis showed a statistically significant difference in survival time between patients with locoregional metastasis of myxoid liposarcomas, myxoid chondrosarcomas, and myxoid leiomyosarcomas by using the histology variable. The locoregional metastasis of myxoid leiomyosarcoma showed prolonged survival than locoregional metastatic myxoid liposarcoma and locoregional metastatic myxoid chondrosarcoma. Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated that age older than 50 years, female gender, white patients, unknown or missed grade, surgery, no radiation, and no chemotherapy variables were independent factors associated with overall survival among locoregional metastasis of myxoid liposarcomas, myxoid chondrosarcomas, and myxoid leiomyosarcomas. As reported in the literature, myxoid leiomyosarcomas are associated with a worse prognosis and low overall survival rate [26]; surprisingly, our data extracted from the SEER database of locoregional metastatic myxoid leiomyosarcomas reflected a better prognosis and high survival rate compared with locoregional metastatic myxoid liposarcomas and locoregional metastatic myxoid chondrosarcomas, suggesting that locoregional metastasis is accompanied with prolonged survival and a better prognosis than distant metastasis. Meaningfully, multivariate analysis using Cox hazard proportion analysis between the three subtypes of myxoid liposarcomas, myxoid chondrosarcomas, and myxoid leiomyosarcomas with locoregional metastasis showed also a significant difference in the overall survival rate. However, the locoregional myxoid leiomyosarcoma showed a better survival rate than other abovementioned subtypes, so the univariate and multivariate analyses of locoregional myxoid leiomyosarcoma had been performed, and the results of the univariate study did not show statistical significance of overall survival. The multivariate analysis showed the statistical significance of the black race, tumor grade, and radiotherapy variables of locoregional myxoid leiomyosarcoma, indicating that variables were independent prognostic factors of locoregional myxoid leiomyosarcoma based on the collected data from the SEER database. By comparing the overall survival of three subtypes of locoregional myxoid liposarcomas, locoregional myxoid chondrosarcomas, and locoregional myxoid leiomyosarcomas, the results illustrated that locoregional myxoid leiomyosarcomas have better prognostic and overall survival than the other subtypes.

In conclusion, in this study, we analyzed the demographic, oncology, and survival patterns of myxoid liposarcoma, myxoid chondrosarcoma, and myxoid leiomyosarcoma locoregional metastasis in the U.S. during 1975-2016 based on the SEER database. Our results were similar to the literature, indicating that white patients suffered more from myxoid liposarcoma, myxoid chondrosarcoma, and myxoid leiomyosarcoma with locoregional metastasis. The heart was the most common organ to develop locoregional metastasis of myxoid liposarcoma, myxoid chondrosarcoma, and myxoid leiomyosarcoma associated with high-grade differentiations. And surgery was the main approach of treatment modality against these cancers than radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The survival patterns showed that elderly, female, white patients, unknown or missed grade, surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy were dependent factors of overall survival among these cancers. However, locoregional myxoid leiomyosarcomas showed a better prognosis and better survival rate than locoregional myxoid liposarcoma and locoregional myxoid chondrosarcoma based on Kaplan-Meier and Cox hazard proportion studies. Adjuvant radiation and chemotherapy against locoregional leiomyosarcoma based on multicenter randomized clinical trials need further study in the future.

Abbreviations

SEER: | Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results
U.S: | United States
SRP: | Surveillance Research Program
NCI: | National Cancer Institute
DCCPS: | Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences
ICD-O-3: | International classification of disease for oncology third edition.

Data Availability

The data used in this study are available in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database of the National Cancer Institute (http://seer.cancer.gov) and available with the corresponding author.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

Authors’ Contributions

Marwan Almoiliqy, Abdullah Al-danakh, and Mohammed Alradhi contributed equally to this work.

Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the Applied Basic Research Programs of Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province (No. 2018JY0495) and Innovation Research team of Yibin University (Nos. 2017TD01 and 2018TD04). The authors acknowledge the SEER database for their technical and statistical supports.

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