GENUS EREMOPSOCUS McLACHLAN : DISTINCTION FROM CERASTIPSOCUS KOLBE AND REVIEW OF SPECIES ( PSOCOPTERA : PSOCIDAE ) *

During investigation on the systematics o Cerastipsocus and its’ close rel’a.tives, I have experienced difficulty in assigning species between the two genera Eremopsocus and Cerastipsocus. In this paper, I attempt an unequivocal definition o. these genera. I also include diagnoses o the sp,ecies placed by the new de/nition in Eremopsocus, and a reconsideration o, geographic variati.on in the type species, E. inf.umatus McLachlan. The subgenera o Eremopsocus are also reevaluated. One new species is described. Measurements (Table II) were made on whole specimens either pinned or temporarily mounted in glycerine. They are in mm and have an error o + .o4 microns. Abbreviations used with the mea-

I have examined 5 adult specimens of this species from two localities in central Brazil, and I find that all individuals of both sexes have antennae incrassate.I believe that McLachlan's observa- tion was incorrect and that the error arose rom his having had more than one large, uscous-winged Cerastipsocine species in his material.There are several such species in Brazil.Those with slender flagellomeres in both sexe.s are currently assigned to Cerastipsocus.The argument for McLachlan's having had a mixture of species is strengthened by another of his observations" that males have wings shining, while females have them dull.Pinned specimens in the series of E. infumatus which I studied have the wings shining in both sexes while pinned specimens of Cerastipsocus fuscipennis (Burmeister) received in the same shipment from a nearby locality in Brazil have the wings dull.I conclude that the flagellomeres o.f both sexes of E. infumatus are incr,assate and that Pearman's Venezuelan subspecies has no validity.Pearman (I933) described the genitalia of both sexes of E. in- fumatus.The hypandrium is symmetrical and bears an a.pically rounded lobe in the middle of the disc; distally, it bears a pair o.f blunt, posteriorly-directed prongs.This hypandrium differs from that of the type ef Cerastipsocus (C.fuscilennis [Burmeister], designated by Roesler [1944], not C. venosus [Burmeister], erron- eously designated by Smithers 1967-] ).
In C. fuscil)ennis, there is no trace of a rounded lobe in the.middle of the disc and distal prongs are absent.This type of hypandrium has been illustrated for C. cubanus Enderlein (Mockford,974: 164, Fig. I8) and C. venosus Burmeister (Chapman, 93o, pl.XIII, Fig. 9).C. beaveri New (1972: 207, Fig. 32) is much the same but its hypandrium has a pair of short, laterally directed distal prongs.
The distinctive hypandria of the types of Eremopsocus and Cera- stiI)socus provide useful character complexes for distinguishing be- tween these two genera.Unfortunately, these complexes do not correlate with the distribution of incrassate and slender flagellomeres in the species as currently assigned in these two genera.Thus E. reductus (Banks) has the flagellomeres developed as in E. infumatus but the hypandrium as in C. venosus, completely lacking a lobe in the middle of the disc and without distal prongs (personal observa- tion).C. crassicornis (Kolbe) in which the male has only the first flagellomere incrassate and the flagellomeres of the female are slender has the hypandrium developed as in E. infumatus (personal obser-  vation).

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Psyche [June It is my opinion that the hypandrium in these insects presents more informatio than the relative widths of flagellomeres and that the two genera can best be recognized on the basis of type of hypandrium.This opinion is strengthened by the fact that no intermediate type of hypandrium has been found, whereas flagellomeres of different species show varying degrees of incrassation.
In order to test this opinion further I have' searched or additional characters showing essentially two states in the assemblage of species under consideration and noted how their states are distributed.The following characters were found" (I) shape of posterior clunial margin of male in region of base of epiproct: slightly protruding and bilobed (Fig. 8) or decidedly protruding and not at all bilobed (Fig. 5); (2) presence (Fig. 5) or absence of a protuberance immediately distad of sense cushion on paraproct in male; (3) relative length of stem of dark T-shaped mark of female subgenital plate (stem of vase-shaped figure extending into distal process of plate) either more than twice as long as broad or scarcely longer than broad to much shorter than broad.
The following species were examined (assigned to genera according to current usage): Cerastipsocus bogotanus (Kolbe), C. crassi- cornis (Kolbe) C. The data are summarized in Table I.From this table, the fol- lowing correlations are seen" I. Incrassate flagellomeres correlate with hypandri'al type of E. infumatus.The notable exception is E. reductus, while C. cubanus shows slight incrassation.
3. The protuberance distad of the male paraproctal sense cushion tends to correlate with the E. infumatus hypandrial type and absence of the protuberance with the C. venosus hypandrial type.Again, the correlation seems better than the table suggests, as the protuber- ance in E. infumatus, C. crassicornis, and C. sp.no. is small and decidedly pointed, while that in C. bogotanus is low, larger, and rounded.
4-The long stem of the T-shaped m'a.rk of the female subgenital plate shows complete correlation with the E. infumatus hypandrial type and the shorter stem with the C. venosus hypandrial type.
From the above correlations, I conclude that the genera Eremop- socus and Cerastipsocus may be differentially defined as follows" Eremopsocus.-Antennae incra.ssateat least in male; hypandrium with central lobe of disc; male clunial margin protruding above epiproctal base as a rounded, thickened lip; a pointed protuberance distad of male paraproctal sense cushion; stem of T-shaped mark of tem'ale subgenital plate more than twice as long as broad.
Cerastil)socus.Antennae incrassate or not; hypandrium lacking central lobe of disc; male clunial margin bilobed before base epiproct or slightly protruding above epiproctal base but never de- veloped as a decidedly protruding, thickened lip; generally lacking a protuberance distad of male paraproctal sense cushion, or with a low, rounded protuberance; stem of T-shaped mark of female sub- genital plate little longer than broad to much shorter than broad.
Assignment of species to Cerasti/)socus and Eremopsocus.I can affirm, either through examination of specimens or by existing published descriptions, the generic assignment of the following species according to the above definitions: Cerastipsocus.
C. fuscipennis (Burmeister) (type species), C. ).Several species traditionally assigned to Cerastilsocus are unassign- able by the above definition, and I hope to review that genus and assign these species in the near uture.
Subgenera of Eremosocus.Roesler (I944) assigned Syngono- soma Kolbe, Dino#socus Banks, and Podotterocus Banks as sub- genera o Eremolsocus.These .assignmentswere presumably made on the basis of incrassa.teflagellomeres alone._As I have shown that this character is not a reliable guide to relationships, it seems advisable to retain the old-world genera Dinolsocus and Podolterocus at least until their external genitalia are known.The type of 8yngonosoma being South American, it seems likely that this genus may be a synonym (not a subgenus) .ofEremosocus as was suggested by Enderlein (1911) and Pearman (I933), but is will be necessary to examine material .of the type species in order to confirm this sug- gestion.Of the species listed in Eremolsocus by Smithers (I967), only the type species can be retained with certainty.
Systematics of Eremo#socus species.In this section the species now assigned to Eremosocus are diagnosed, the description of E.
infumatus Js augmented, a detailed description of E. crassicornis is presented and E. nigriles n. sp. is described.A key to the species is included.Diagnosis.First four flagellomeres incr'assate in both sex, es, the basal two decidedly so, the next two somewhat less.Female subgenital plate with a single row of long setae along cross-piece of T-shaped mark (the row double to the sides and single in middle on specimen examined).
Material examined.
Morphology. uAntenna with basal flagellomere (Fig. 6) decid- edly incrassate, second less so, third slightly incrassate basally; all flagellomeres densely beset with upright hairs.Compound eyes small (see "Fable II).Hypandriurn (Fig. 3) with pair of short distal prongs; these and distal ends of lateral thickenings beset with minute denticles.Discal lobe and regions to its sides and base bearing setae.
Phallosome (Fig. 4) a closed ring with truncate distal process, the process and weakly-sclerotized region to its sides bearing minute denticles.Paraproct (Fig. 5) with a long distal spur and a short spur distad of sense cushion.Epiproct and posterior clunial margin as in Fig. 5.
Morphology.--Flagellomeres slender (Fig. 7)-Subgenital plate (Fig. with pigmented area roughly T-shaped as in E. infumatus but With narrow region of stem of T shorter and setae distad of cross-piece shorter and not forming a distinct row, being interrupted in middle.Gonapophyses (Fig. I3) with first valvula acuminate distally, bearing a few minute spines on its edges; second valvula tapering distally and spinulose over distal third; third valvula with basal, more sclerotized region bearing setae (this region shown folded over rest in figure), remainder membranous, distal lobe straight.Ninth sternum and spermapore as in Fig. 6.Epiproct (Fig. 9) with clear region surrounded by approximately quadrate frame of heavier scIerotization, the fr'me and clear area bearing setae of various lengths.
Material examined.
Brazil: Prov.Minas Gerais: Sao Joao Diagnosis.--Differingfrom E. infumatus in having only the first two flagellomeres incrassate and only in the male.Differing from E. crassicornis in having first two.male flagellomeres decidedly more incrassate and having in both sexes posterior vertex of ptero- stigma angular, forming approximately a right angle, rather than rounded.Differing from the described fuscous-winged neotropical Cerastipsocus species in which external genitalia not known: from C. ocularis (Kolbe), C. moestus (Kolbe), C. pallidinervis (Kolbe), C. vetustus (Kolbe) in having pterostigma deep and with decidedly angular posterior vertex.
Male.Measurements (Table II).Morphology.---Basal flagellomere (Fig. 23) more incrassate than in E. crassicornis, second about the same, third to tip slender.All flagellomeres beset with upright hairs.Compound eyes small (see Table II), Hypandrium (Fig.  2o) with distal prongs somewhat longer than in E. crassicornis; these and sides of hypandrium, to, extreme base beset with minute denticles.Discal lobe and regions to its sides and base bearing setae.Phallosome (Fig. 2I symmetrical, with somewhat flattened base; the inset, spatulate distal process larger than in E. crassicornis and bearing minute denticles.Paraproct (Fig. 22) as in E. crassicornis.Epiproct and posterior clunial margin as in Fig. 22.The latter differing from that of E. crassicornis in having sides slightly indented.
Color (in alco.hol).--'Compoundeyes and inner rims. of ocelli black.Head yellow deepening to burnt orange on vertex with a spot of medium orange-brown in front of ocellar interval; clypeal striations faintly indicated by orange-brown mottling.Maxillary palpi pale brown o basal two segments, becoming darker distally on second; third segment dark brown, distal segment black.Antennal scape pale brown, rest of antenna black.Mesonotal lobes orange peripherally, deep orange-brown in a broad central band running length of mesonotuln.Thoracic pleura violet.Forewing membrane (Fig,  8) m_iformly fumose-brown except small region in base of areola postica extending distally along vein CuIa; pterostigma and narrow stigmasaum white mottled in base with fumose brown.Veins oi: i:o_ewing fumose brown except following: RI colorless from posterior apex of pterostigma to wing margin; Rs pale brown at and immediately before and in its junction with CuIa, colorless im- mediately beyond ,unction; CuIa colorless before and immediately beyond junction with M CuIb colorless.Hindwing (Fig. I9) uni- formly pale fumose brown.Coxae, trochanters, and femora yellow; tibiae and tarsi black.Membranous portions of abdomen (note variation below) longitudinally striped with purple bands: a broad band along each side including spiracles, a narrower band along dorsal mid-line; an incomplete band ventrally from hypandrium, widest in 7th segment, narrmving to its anterior end in third seg- ment; abdomen creamy white between purple bands.. Terminal abdominal segments largely dark brown, paler on poorly sclerotized portion.
Morphology.Flagellomeres slender (Fig. 24).Subgenital plate (Fig. I,) with n-rrow reg;on of stem of T-shaped l{gmented area shorter tha in E. infumatus; setae distad of cross-piece of T shorter and torming a continuous subquadrate region.Lamp-globe shaped pigmented region distad ot narrow portion ol: T-stem not as broad as in E. crassicornis.Gonapophyses (Fig. 14) with second valvula not as long from broadest region to tip as in E. crassicornis; inner lobe ol: third valvula rela.tivelylonger.Epiproct (Fig. o)   with heavily sclerotized sides ol: distal clear area not decidedly point- ing medially at their distal ends.Spermapore plate (Fig. I7) much as in E. crassioornis.
Color (in alcohol).As in male except no spot of medium orange-brown before ocelli and three l:aint purple lines radiating from each compound eye medially.
Variation.--Someindividuals lack the longitudinal purple bands el: the abdomen but have, instead, transverse purple bands, one per segment, each band dividing into two at the spiracle on each side and continuing ventrally as two narrow bands which dissipate before reaching the ventral mid-line.These individuals have the dark pig- mentation ol: the mesonotum more diffuse and, in males, the dark pigmentation ol: the pterostigma and stigmasaum more dispersed.I can detect no morphological difference between these and the form described above.The two forms were apparently collected together.Holotype , allotype , 3 o paratypes and 2 9 paratypes, Brazil: Santa Catarina: Nova Teutonia, November, 197o, Coll.F. Plau- mann.Types vill be deposited in the United States National Museum, Washington, D. C. Other material examined.
Key to the Species ol: Eremot)socus a.First four flagellomeres incrassate in both sexes.Female sub- genital plate with a single row ol: long setae along cross-piece of T-shaped mark E. in[umatus McLachlan lb.At most first two flagellomeres incrassate, and these only i.: male.Female subgenital plate with scattered setae bordering cross-piece ol: T-shaped mark, these not forming a single row 2a.Pterostigma with angular posterior apex.Veins in basal half of forewing, especially M -]-CuI brown, not contrasting sharply with wing membrane.First male flagellomere decidedly in- crassate (Fig. 4) E. nigripes n. sp. 1 .