Psyche
Volume 2015 (2015), Article ID 912451, 7 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/912451

Research Article

Diversity and Distribution of Aquatic Insects in Streams of the Mae Klong Watershed, Western Thailand

Witwisitpong Maneechan and Taeng On Prommi

Faculty of Liberal Arts and Science, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand

Received 27 July 2015; Revised 26 October 2015; Accepted 29 October 2015

Academic Editor: Nguya K. Maniania

Copyright © 2015 Witwisitpong Maneechan and Taeng On Prommi. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

The distribution and diversity of aquatic insects and water quality variables were studied among three streams of the Mae Klong Watershed. In each stream, two sites were sampled. Aquatic insects and water quality variables were randomly sampled seven times in February, May, September, and December 2010 and in January, April, and May 2011. Overall, 11,153 individuals belonging to 64 families and nine orders were examined. Among the aquatic insects collected from the three streams, the order Trichoptera was most diverse in number of individuals, followed by Ephemeroptera, Hemiptera, Odonata, Coleoptera, Diptera, Plecoptera, Megaloptera, and Lepidoptera. The highest Shannon index of diversity of 2.934 and 3.2 was recorded in Huai Kayeng stream and the lowest was in Huai Pakkok stream (2.68 and 2.62). The high diversity of insect fauna in streams is an indication of larger microhabitat diversity and better water quality conditions prevailing in the streams. The evenness value was recorded as high in most sites. The high species diversity and evenness in almost all sites indicated good water quality.

1. Introduction

In lotic environments, aquatic insects are important elements in the ecological dynamics [1], playing an important role in the cycle of materials and in trophic transfers [2–5]. The understanding of distribution patterns in communities is one of the main aims in ecology [6]. A multiplicity of factors regulates the occurrence and the distribution of aquatic insects, the most important being the current (velocity), temperature, altitude, season, total suspended solids, and vegetation [7]. Other factors which affect the occurrence of these benthic fauna include substrates, pH, dissolved oxygen, availability of food, turbidity, conductivity, and competition [8]. Changes of these environmental factors in streams can be used in biomonitoring and degraded aquatic environments [9, 10]. Thus, the nature of this distribution provides an initial insight into the types of ecological processes that regulate populations and assemblages. For example, the distribution of aquatic insects among stream habitats reflects, to some degree, the distribution of benthic resources (e.g., food, oxygen, and predators) and provides information about how communities might respond to changes in environmental parameters such as increased sedimentation and changes in flow [11].

In this work, three streams in the Mae Klong Watershed were selected. These streams are used for domestic activities including drinking, cooking, bathing, and fisheries. It is therefore important to preserve these water resources and maintain the biotic integrity of these ecosystems. Such management requires basic knowledge such as the distribution of the aquatic communities among stream habitats. The aim of this study was to describe the composition of aquatic insects at different stations of the studied streams. The identification of species and their distribution patterns provide more information for monitoring and conserving these ecosystems.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Study Area

The Mae Klong Watershed is the most important watershed in western Thailand. The upstream watershed area consists of two main rivers, namely, Khwae Noi and Khwae Yai. The rivers run into the Khao Laem and Srinagarind Dam located in the upper region of Mae Klong Watershed. The rivers joint in Kanchanaburi Province, which is considered downstream, flow through Ratchaburi Province and enter the Gulf of Thailand in Samut Songkhram Province. Six sampling sites in three streams (upper and lower in each stream) were chosen in this study. These streams were in the upstream section of Khwae Noi River before flowing into Khao Laem Dam (Figure 1). These three streams are, namely, Huai Pakkok, PK1 and PK2; Huai Kayeng, KY1 and KY2; and Huai U Long, UL1 and UL2.

Figure 1: Map of Mae Klong Watershed showing the sampling sites, namely, Huai Pakkok, PK1 = 1 and PK2 = 2; Huai Kayeng, KY1 = 3 and KY2 = 4; and Huai U Long, UL1 = 5 and UL2 = 6.

2.2. Sampling and Identification of Aquatic Insects

To determine the distribution of aquatic insect taxa, six sampling sites in three streams (upper and lower in each stream) were chosen in this study. Seven samplings were performed in February, May, September, and December 2010 and in January, April, and May 2011. Aquatic insects were collected using aquatic D-frame aquatic kick net (30 × 30 cm frame, 250 μm mesh). At each sampling site, a stretch of approximately 50 m was chosen for collection of samples from the three target habitats: riparian vegetation, leaf litter, and low gradient riffles and pools. The sampling time at each habitat was 3 min. In each sampling period, three replicate samples were collected at each station and placed in white trays for sorting. The content of each sample was transferred into properly labelled plastic containers, preserved in 80% ethanol, and taken back to the laboratory for analysis. In the laboratory, aquatic insects were sorted and identified to the family level using taxonomic keys [12–14]. All the sorted samples were kept in properly labelled vials containing 80% ethanol.

2.3. Environmental Variables

Three replicates of selected physicochemical water quality parameters were recorded directly at the sampling sites including pH, air temperature (AT), water temperature (WT), dissolved oxygen (DO), total dissolved solid (TDS), and electrical conductivity (EC). Water samples from each collecting period were stored in polyethylene bottles (500 mL). Ammonia-nitrogen (NH₃-N), orthophosphate (), nitrate-nitrogen (NO₃-N), sulfate (), and turbidity (TUB) were determined in accordance with the standard method procedures (APHA et al., 1992) [15]. Alkalinity (ALK) was measured by titration.

2.4. Data Analyses

The aquatic insect abundance and taxonomic richness () were estimated for each sample. Ecological indices, including the Shannon-Wiener diversity (), Simpson’s diversity index (), and Evenness () indices, were determined for each sampling site [16]. A principle component analysis (PCA) was performed using environmental variables to determine the abiotic typology of sampling stations. This analysis was performed with the matrix consisting of 42 samples (6 stations × 7 campaigns) and 12 environmental variables. Analyses were conducted using PC-ORD.

3. Results and Discussion

A total of 11,153 individuals of aquatic insects representing 64 families from 9 orders were collected and identified from three streams in February, May, September, and December 2010 and in January, April, and May 2011. Table 1 and Figure 2 show the overall composition and distribution of aquatic insect communities in the three streams. More aquatic insects were recorded in Huai Pakkok (PK1 and PK2) (2,054 and 2,726 individuals) than in Huai Kayeng (KY1 and KY2) (2,202 and 1,234 individuals) and Huai U Long (UL1 and UL2) (969 and 1,968 individuals). However, the total number of individuals recorded in the three streams was significantly different (One-Sample Test = 7.022, ). Trichoptera (3,790 individuals; 33.98% of total abundance) was the most dominant order with the highest number of individuals in the three streams. It was followed by Ephemeroptera (2,193 individuals; 19.66% of total abundance), Hemiptera (1,707 individuals; 15.31% of total abundance), Odonata (1,260 individuals; 11.30% of total abundance), Coleoptera (978 individuals; 8.77% of total abundance), Diptera (648 individuals; 5.81% of total abundance), Plecoptera (514 individuals; 4.61% of total abundance), Megaloptera (34 individuals; 0.30% of total abundance), and Lepidoptera (29 individuals; 0.26% of total abundance) (Figure 2; Table 1). The aquatic insects of Huai Pakkok stream (PK1 and PK2) constituted 50 families and 46 families, while 49 families and 46 families were recorded in Huai Kayeng stream (KY1 and KY2). The aquatic insects recorded from Huai U Long stream (UL1 and UL2) were represented by 41 and 49 families, respectively (Table 1).

Table 1: The composition and total abundance of aquatic insect communities in Mae Klong Watershed.

Taxa
Abbv.
PK1
PK2
KY1
KY2
UL1
UL2

Ephemeroptera

Pothamanthidae
Potha
1
1

1
1
7

Oligoneuriidae
Oligo

2
1

1

Caenidae
Caeni
5
1
3
4
1
7

Heptageniidae
Hepta
88
266
91
110
79
113

Leptophlebiidae
Leptp
247
218
58
40
65
76

Ephemerellidae
Ephem
20
97
17
50
20
94

Neoephemeridae
Neoep

1
6
8

Ephemeridae
Ephee
2

9

5

Baetidae
Baeti
57
118
75
41
33
51

Prosopistomatidae
Proso

2

Odonata

Lestidae
Lesti

26
8

Chlorocyphidae
Chlor
24
8
6
15
3
4

Protoneuridae
Proto
53
61
58
9
9
8

Gomphidae
Gomph
43
33
15
59
20
37

Libellulidae
Libel
20
26
16
9
4
19

Euphaeidae
Eupha
29
14
31
34
14
28

Corduliidae
Cordu
42
31
68
20
12
32

Aeshnidae
Aeshn

1

1
1

Platycnemididae
Platy
12
1
1
3
3
2

Coenagrionidae
Coena
62
39
53
24
8

Calopterygidae
Calop
16
20
46
4
13
2

Plecoptera

Perlidae
Perli
60
99
63
39
75
130

Peltoperlidae
Pelto
3
22

21
1

Nemouridae
Nemou
1

Hemiptera

Aphelocheiridae
Aphel
13
15
32
33
4
28

Gerridae
Gerri
69
128
50
52
24
40

Veliidae
Velii
19
10
23
13
3
16

Nepidae
Nepid
13
16
15
12
1
4

Hydrometridae
Hydrm
1
1

2

Helotrephidae
Helot
24
17
12
1
9
10

Naucoridae
Nauco
125
289
171
52
63
262

Pleidae
Pleid
13
1
2

5

Notonectidae
Noton
6
2

Micronectidae
Micro

1

5

Coleoptera

Noteridae
Noter

1

Hydrophilidae
Hydrp
12
8
8
10
19
3

Hydraenidae
Hydra
2
1
1

4

Gyrinidae
Gyrin
17
12
21
19
4
75

Elmidae
Elmid
79
29
91
46
299
50

Psephenidae
Pseph
23
9
26
20
9
12

Dytiscidae
Dytis

10
41
9
3

Scirtidae
Scirt

5

Megaloptera

Corydalidae
Coryd
6
6
10

3
9

Lepidoptera

Pyralidae
Pyral
2
5
4
3

15

Trichoptera

Polycentropodidae
Polyc
2

Hydroptilidae
Hydrt
1

1

Odontoceridae
Odont
1

30
8
1
52

Leptoceridae
Lepto
6

4
5
1
8

Calamoceratidae
Calam
6
8
76
145
26
60

Hydropsychidae
Hydrs
727
809
522
130
96
578

Helicopsychidae
Helic

2
324
91

Philopotamidae
Philo
4
2
37
13

2

Lepidostomatidae
Lepid

1
2

5

Goeridae
Goeri

3

1

Diptera

Athericidae
Ather
2

1
1

5

Tipulidae
Tipul
12
16
3
4
3
15

Simuliidae
Simul
21
195
34
5
3
23

Tabanidae
Taban
4

6
2
1
5

Ceratopogonidae
Cerat
1

1
1

7

Stratiomyidae
Strat
5

Culicidae
Culic

3

3
1

Psychodidae
Psych
6
2

Sciomyzidae
Sciom

1

Chironomidae
Chiro
47
55
62
40
2
50

Abundance

2,054
2,726
2,202
1,234
969
1,968

Richness

50
46
49
46
41
49

Evenness

0.685
0.684
0.754
0.836
0.712
0.712

Shannon-Wiener diversity

2.68
2.62
2.934
3.2
2.643
2.771

Simson’s diversity index

0.8461
0.8709
0.9031
0.9441
0.8683
0.8775

Figure 2: Composition of aquatic insect orders of the three streams in the Mae Klong Watershed during a period of seven months.

Table 1 showed the species diversity indices. The highest Shannon index of diversity of 2.934 and 3.2 was recorded in Huai Kayeng stream (KY1 and KY2) and the lowest was in Huai Pakkok stream (HK1 and HK2) (2.68 and 2.62), indicating the presence of a higher diversity of aquatic insects in lotic ecosystems. The diversity of insects in aquatic ecosystems tends to increase with increased nutrients and these optimum environmental conditions favour their abundance in this habitat [17]. The high diversity of insect fauna in streams is an indication of larger microhabitat diversity and better water quality conditions prevailing in the streams (Table 2) [18]. Their abundance has been associated with the presence of high food quality, stable water flow, and stable substrata common in these habitats [17].

Table 2: Mean values (±SD) of environmental variables in each sampling site.

Parameter/station
PK1
PK2
KY1
KY2
UL1
UL2

AT
31.35 ± 3.03
33.73 ± 1.73
31.87 ± 2.66
30.04 ± 4.36
30.57 ± 1.86
29.97 ± 3.68

WT
28.45 ± 3.02
29.82 ± 2.67
29.03 ± 2.17
28.58 ± 2.57
27.83 ± 1.15
28.11 ± 2.72

pH
8.05 ± 0.85
8.15 ± 0.9
8.15 ± 0.59
7.99 ± 0.99
8.43 ± 0.64
8.19 ± 0.53

DO
4.16 ± 2.08
4.45 ± 1.98
3.79 ± 1.63
5.0 ± 1.67
3.86 ± 0.65
6.35 ± 2.51

EC
74.08 ± 21.95
104.1 ± 30.72
275.38 ± 111.73
325.49 ± 91.15
119.68 ± 16.94
158.62 ± 69.67

TDS
37.02 ± 10.56
55.03 ± 13.5
135.44 ± 55
163.15 ± 43.27
58.3 ± 15.22
92.92 ± 33.39

TUB
3.33 ± 1.37
3.57 ± 3.36
9 ± 16.67
12.43 ± 24.53
5.0 ± 2.65
5.17 ± 4.96

ALK
58.33 ± 22.32
70 ± 20.40
106.67 ± 35
170.71 ± 33.76
132 ± 24.98
136.17 ± 24.33

NH₃-N
0.18 ± 0.18
0.14 ± 0.16
0.24 ± 0.19
0.22 ± 0.18
0.19 ± 0.19
0.18 ± 0.16

0.13 ± 0.06
0.09 ± 0.06
0.11 ± 0.06
0.07 ± 0.05
0.09 ± 0.08
0.14 ± 0.22

NO₃-N
1.35 ± 0.42
1.57 ± 0.24
1.52 ± 0.29
1.87 ± 0.81
1.47 ± 0.06
1.45 ± 0.16

1.2 ± 6
2 ± 10
2.2 ± 11
2.33 ± 14
5 ± 15
1.83 ± 11

The evenness value in the present study was recorded as high in almost all the sites, indicating a relatively even distribution of taxa in the stream. The highest species diversity and evenness in almost all the sites are an indication of good water quality [18]. The high scores of diversity indices, such as those of the Shannon-Wiener index and Simpson’s index, indicate that clean or unpolluted rivers support more diverse taxa, thus making them useful for detecting organic pollution [19]. Higher numbers of taxa (family) collected from a habitat imply a richer community that usually lives in a healthier environment. Based on the scores, all streams in the Mae Klong Watershed supported relatively rich aquatic insect fauna, but their composition and abundance were significantly different between rivers.

The differences in the physical habitat and hydrological conditions of streams could contribute to the observed dissimilarities in the aquatic insect compositions. This may be due to the multiplicity of microhabitats along with a combination of several other environmental factors that varied between streams [20]. Usually, similar richness of aquatic insects is recorded from streams with similar habitat structures, stream geomorphologies, and hydrological conditions [21].

By composition, Trichoptera and the Ephemeroptera dominated the study sites, accounting for almost 54% of all the total individuals that were sampled at the three streams. Heptageniidae (Ephemeroptera) and Hydropsychidae (Trichoptera) were found in all sampling sites because they are able to colonize waters with low oxygen concentration. Similar low numbers of Plecoptera in tropical waters have been reported [22, 23].

PCA ordination for data of aquatic insects can be separated into two groups (Figure 3). The first group was located in the Huai Pakkok stream (PK1 and PK2) and the second group was located in the Huai Kayeng stream (KY1 and KY2) and the Huai U Long stream (UL1 and UL2). PCA analysis revealed a correlation between the aquatic insect family and water quality (Figure 3). Aquatic insects in families Baetidae, Heptageniidae, Protoneuridae, Gerridae, Helotrephidae, Notonectidae, Nepidae, Leptoceridae, and Simuliidae were related to the concentration of orthophosphate and water temperature. Aquatic insects in families Calopterygidae, Chlorocyphidae, Coenagrionidae, Lestidae, Platycnemididae, Peltoperlidae, Pleidae, Culicidae, and Hydropsychidae had relationships with pH of water. Water quality variables such as alkalinity, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, electrical conductivity, sulfate, nitrate-nitrogen, and ammonia-nitrogen affected aquatic insect families Neoephemeridae, Ephemeridae, Elmidae, Dytiscidae, Calamoceratidae, Helicopsychidae, and Philopotamidae.

Figure 3: Biplot of the PCA ordination diagram for the data set between aquatic insect taxa, sampling sites, and environmental variables in the three streams. Abbreviations of taxa are shown in Table 1.

4. Conclusions

The results obtained in the present study indicate that, of the aquatic insects collected from the three streams, the order Trichoptera was most diverse in number of individuals, followed by Ephemeroptera, Hemiptera, Odonata, Coleoptera, Diptera, Plecoptera, Megaloptera, and Lepidoptera. The highest Shannon index of diversity was recorded in Huai Kayeng stream and the lowest was in Huai Pakkok stream. The evenness value was recorded as high in almost all sites. PCA analysis can expose the correlation between aquatic insect family and water quality with water temperature, orthophosphate alkalinity, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, electrical conductivity, sulfate, nitrate-nitrogen, and ammonia-nitrogen.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgment

Financial support for this research was given through a scholarship of the Graduate School, Kasetsart University, year 2014, to Witwisitpong Maneechan.

References

H. B. N. Hynes, The Ecology of Running Water, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada, 1970.

K. W. Cummins, “Structure and function of stream ecosystems,” BioScience, vol. 24, no. 11, pp. 631–641, 1974.

R. L. Vannote, G. W. Minshall, K. W. Cummins, J. R. Sedell, and C. E. Cushing, “The river continuum concept,” Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 130–137, 1980.

K. W. Cummins, M. A. Wilzbach, D. M. Gates, J. B. Perry, and W. B. Taliaferro, “Shredders and riparian vegetation,” BioScience, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 24–30, 1989.

M. J. Dunbar, M. Warren, C. Extence et al., “Interaction between macroinvertebrates, discharge and physical habitat in upland rivers,” Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. S31–S44, 2010.

M. Bergon, J. L. Harper, and C. R. Townsend, Ecology: Individuals, Populations and Communities, Blackwell Science, Oxford, UK, 1996.

V. L. Crisci-Bispo, P. C. Bispo, and C. G. Froehlich, “Ephemeroptera, plecoptera and trichoptera assemblages in two Atlantic Rainforest streams, Southeastern Brazil,” Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 312–318, 2007.

M. S. Gage, A. Spivak, and C. J. Paradise, “Effects of land use and disturbance on benthic insects in headwater streams draining small watersheds north of Charlotte, NC,” Southeastern Naturalist, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 345–358, 2004.

E. T. H. M. Peeters, R. Gylstra, and J. H. Vos, “Benthic macroinvertebrate community structure in relation to food and environmental variables,” Hydrobiologia, vol. 519, no. 1–3, pp. 103–115, 2004.

A. Clarke, R. Mac Nally, N. Bond, and P. S. Lake, “Macroinvertebrate diversity in headwater streams: a review,” Freshwater Biology, vol. 53, no. 9, pp. 1707–1721, 2008.

A. Ramírez, P. Paaby, C. M. Pringle, and G. Agüero, “Effect of habitat type on benthic macroinvertebrates in two lowland tropical streams, Costa Rica,” Revista de Biologia Tropical, vol. 46, no. 6, pp. 201–213, 1998.

G. B. Wiggins, Larvae of the North American Caddisfly Genera (Trichoptera), University of Toronto Press, 2nd edition, 1996.

D. Dudgeon, Tropical Asian Streams: Zoobenthos, Ecology and Conservation, Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong, 1999.

C. M. Yule and H. S. Yong, Freshwater Invertebrates of the Malaysian Region, Academy of Science Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2004.

APHA, AWWA, and WPCF, Standard Method for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, American Public Health Association, Washington, DC, USA, 18th edition, 1992.

J. A. Ludwig and J. F. Reynolds, Statistical Ecology, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, USA, 1988.

L. U. Hepp, R. M. Restello, S. V. Milesi, C. Biasi, and J. Molozzi, “Distribution of aquatic insects in urban headwater streams,” Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 1–9, 2013.

U. G. Abhijna, R. Ratheesh, and A. Biju Kumar, “Distribution and diversity of aquatic insects of Vellayani lake in Kerala,” Journal of Environmental Biology, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 605–611, 2013.

D. R. Lenat and D. L. Penrose, “History of the EPT taxa richness metric,” Bulletin North American Benthological Society, vol. 12, no. 13, pp. 279–290, 1996.

S. S. Costa and A. S. Melo, “Beta diversity in stream macroinvertebrate assemblages: among-site and among-microhabitat components,” Hydrobiologia, vol. 598, no. 1, pp. 131–138, 2008.

R. Novelo-Gutiérrez and J. A. Gómez-Anaya, “A comparative study of Odonata (Insecta) assemblages along an altitudinal gradient in the sierra de Coalcomán Mountains, Michoacán, Mexico,” Biodiversity and Conservation, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 679–698, 2009.

P. C. Bispo, C. G. Froehlich, and L. G. Oliveira, “Spatial distribution of plecoptera nymphs in streams of a mountainous area of central Brazil,” Brazilian Journal of Biology, vol. 62, no. 3, pp. 409–417, 2002.

S. A. Hamid and C. S. Rawi, “Stoneflies (Insecta: Plecoptera) in Malaysian tropical rivers: diversity and seasonality,” Journal of Entomology and Nematology, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 30–36, 2013.