Study on Ectoparasites of Free-Ranging Domestic Cats (Felidae; Felis catus) and Introducing Trichodectes canis as a New Record Louse in Tehran Urban Parks, Iran

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Introduction
In recent years, ecosystem change (climate, habitat, invasion, invasive species, over-exploitation, and pollution) and the abundance of anthropogenic food waste in Iranian cities, including Tehran, have led to an increase in the number of dogs (Canis familiaris) and cats (Felis catus) in the urban environments [1,2]. Also, keeping pets without regard to their social and legal responsibilities has increased the risk of human infectious disease transmission by such animals [1].
Free-ranging cats are reservoirs of many zoonotic diseases such as rabies, toxoplasmosis, giardiasis, cat-scratch disease, Q fever, and ehrlichiosis [3,4]. In addition, some zoonotic diseases such as plague and some rickettsia are mechanically or biologically transmitted to humans by some arthropod species, especially blood-sucking insects and ticks, which are usually defned as ectoparasites [5,6]. Sucking lice, feas, and ticks represent some of the most common ectoparasites. Many of these ectoparasites are important in terms of human and veterinary medicine [7,8]. Tey are known to be the vectors of many zoonotic disease pathogens such as Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi), plague (Yersinia pestis), and tularemia (Francisella tularensis) [9][10][11]. Additionally, ectoparasites are also a common cause of skin diseases of domestic animals [12], including skin lesions accompanied by pruritus, erythema, excoriation, papules, and crusts after feeding [13]. For example, feas are responsible for producing allergic dermatitis, the intermediate host of Hymenolepis nana (a worm that is the most common cestode, infecting mankind, especially children), and the vector of plague and relapsing fever [14]. Furthermore, some ectoparasites may transmit various bacterial, viral, or parasitic agents to hosts during feeding [15]. Ticks, for example, are responsible for the transmission of many infectious diseases, such as rickettsiosis and babesiosis [16], some parasitic disease agents such as Cercopithiflaria sp., and fnally viral diseases including Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) [17]. Besides, they can easily move between reservoirs, so some parasites found in animals can pass to humans, causing serious diseases [18]. According to previous studies in many areas of the world, cats are the hosts of many ectoparasites of medical and veterinary concern [19][20][21]. In Tehran city, large populations of cats roam the streets, parks, and public places. We monitor free-ranging cat populations to assess potential for transmission of zoonotic pathogens. In this study, we examine the prevalence of ectoparasites in cats collected from urban parks in Tehran city, Iran, to identify feline zoonosis.

Study Area and Data Collection.
Tis study was conducted in Tehran city, Iran, during the summer from September to October 2018. Tehran lies at 35°68″N and 51°35″E, at an altitude of 1191 meters above sea level. Tehran has a semiarid continental climate and is largely defned by its geographical location, with Alborz Mountains towering to its north and the central desert to the south. In the present study, cats (Felis catus) were captured using baited traps with raw red meat placed in fve urban parks including Laleh, Almahdieh, Saei, Haghani, and Qaem, located in the center of Tehran, Iran ( Figure 1).

Study Design.
Cats were captured and moved to the laboratory and were examined for ectoparasites such as feas, ticks, mites, and lice by a complete examination of skin and otic swabs [22,23].
Cats were anesthetized using intramuscular injection of anesthetic drugs (ketamine, 10 mg/kg, and xylazine, 2 mg/ kg) and placed in appropriate bags. Ten, their ectoparasites were removed from their skin via combing, the skin was carefully inspected, and remaining ectoparasites were separated with forceps (5 minutes for each cat). Te ectoparasites were stored in 70% ethanol and later mounted for identifcation of the species level using general and specialist identifcation keys. Te collected feas and lice were also preserved in glass containers with ethanol until identifcation. Fleas were cleaned with water and immersed in 10% potassium hydroxide (KOH) with slight warming for 10-15 hours. Ten, the samples were transferred to 2.5% acid alcohol for 5 min to adjust the samples' pH. For dehydration, the specimens were dehydrated using a series of ethanol solutions from 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95 to 100% (absolute) for 5 min, and then transparency by xylene for 5 min. After mounting, the identifcation of feas and lice species was done under light microscopic examination as described by CDC key [24]. After sampling, cats infected with external parasites were taken to the veterinary clinic and released after treatment with TRIXIE brand anti-fea and ticks sprays.

Results
In the current study, a total of 41 cats were captured, including 12, 7, 9, 7, and 6 cats from urban parks in Laleh, Haghani, Almahdieh, Saei, and Qaem, respectively. Of all captured cats, 22 specimens were females (53.66%), and 19 (46.34%) were males. Eight cats (19.51%) were less than 6 months old, 23 cats (56.09%) were between 6 months and 2 years of age, and 10 cats (24.4%) were over 2 years old. As a whole, four species of feas, one species of louse, and one species of tick were detected in this study (Table 1). Dominant isolated ectoparasites on cats were feas. Among 41 cats, 26 (63.41%) were found to be infested with feas (Ct. canis, Ct. felis, P. irritans, and X. nubica) while lice (T. canis) and ticks (Hyalomma spp.) were found on one cat (Figure 2).    (2.4%) were the most and the least frequent ectoparasites found on cats, respectively ( Figure 2). All collected feas and lice were adults while the Hyalomma spp. was at the nymph stage in the present study.

Discussion
Cats are known to shed many ectoparasites during grooming [25]. Terefore, the 63.41% rate of infestation in cats may show relatively much ectoparasite infestation of the local environment. Tis observation suggests that cats may serve as indicators of the ectoparasite infestation level of an environment. Ectoparasites have the potential to transmit zoonotic diseases [10]. Te efects of zoonotic diseases may range from general weakness and discomfort to increased mortality [26,27]. Te present study is the frst research on the prevalence of infestations on cats in Tehran city parks. Based on our results, 63.41% of the cats were infected by ectoparasites. Tese results indicate that ectoparasites are relatively common in cats in this area, similar to many parts of the world. In our study, the overall prevalence of feas on cats in Tehran was as much as 88.13%, in agreement with previous reports in Turkey, Tailand, Albania, and Iran [28][29][30][31]. According to the fndings of this study, feas, Ct. canis (39.75%) and Ct. felis (18%), were the most abundant ectoparasites. Fleas also act as intermediate hosts of tapeworms [32]. Ctenocephalides canis and Ct. felis have been previously reported on various host species from diferent parts of Iran, but their prevalence was not noted [33]. With an overall prevalence of 8.43%, T. canis was the second-ranked most frequent ectoparasite found in the cats. Trichodectes canis, known as canine chewing louse, is found on domesticated dogs and wild canids throughout the world. Trichodectes canis is a well-known vector for dog tapeworm (Dipylidium caninum) [34]. In this study, we provide the frst report on the existence of T. canis infesting cats in Iran during September-October 2018. A small percentage (2.41%) of the cat population was found to have tick infestations, with total of two ticks obtained from one cat. Te most prevalent tick was Hyalomma spp. To our knowledge, there are no specifc data regarding the tick infestation of cats in Iran. Te frequency of Ct. canis, P. irritans, and T. canis was likely due to the proximity of the large wild dog population. Te fact that only adult T. canis was found indicates that they were accidental transfers from recently dead dogs and were unable to reproduce on cats. Te presence of Xenopsylla nubica on the body of cats as well was likely due to host transfer from rats, and it happened through either predation or co-occurrence.

Conclusion
High prevalence of ectoparasites among free-ranging domestic cats (Felidae, Felis catus), especially feas, may pose serious health risk for residents of Tehran. Also, given the signifcant role of some ectoparasites in the transmission of arthropod-borne disease agents to humans, we suggest that regular monitoring of infested cats in urban societies is necessary, especially in the urban parks located in Tehran city where risk of zoonotic pathogen transmission may be high due to increased contact among humans and freeranging domestic cats.

Data Availability
Te datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Conflicts of Interest
Te authors declare that they have no conficts of interest.