Stem Cells International
Volume 2020 (2020), Article ID 8894449, 12 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8894449

Research Article

Isolation and Characterization of Multipotent Canine Urine-Derived Stem Cells

Yan Xu,1,2,3,4 Tao Zhang,1,2,3,4 Yang Chen,1,2,3,4 Qiang Shi,1,2,3,4 Muzhi Li,1,2,3,4 Tian Qin,1,2,3,5 Jianzhong Hu,1,2,3,5 Hongbin Lu,1,2,3,4 Jun Liu,⁶ and Can Chen1,2,3,7

¹Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China, 410008
²Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China, 410008
³Xiangya Hospital-International Chinese Musculoskeletal Research Society Sports Medicine Research Centre, Changsha, China, 410008
⁴Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China, 410008
⁵Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China, 410008
⁶Department of Limbs (Foot and Hand) Microsurgery, Affiliated Chenzhou No.1 People’s Hospital, Southern Medical University, Chenzhou, China, 423000
⁷Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China, 410008

Correspondence should be addressed to Hongbin Lu; hongbinlu@hotmail.com and Can Chen; chencanwow@foxmail.com

Yan Xu and Tao Zhang contributed equally to this work.

Received 15 June 2020; Revised 20 August 2020; Accepted 28 August 2020; Published 30 September 2020

Academic Editor: Sangho Roh

Copyright © 2020 Yan Xu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Current cell-based therapies on musculoskeletal tissue regeneration were mostly determined in rodent models. However, a direct translation of those promising cell-based therapies to humans exists a significant hurdle. For solving this problem, canine has been developed as a new large animal model to bridge the gap from rodents to humans. In this study, we reported the isolation and characterization of urine-derived stem cells (USCs) from mature healthy beagle dogs. The isolated cells showed fibroblast-like morphology and had good clonogenicity and proliferation. Meanwhile, these cells positively expressed multiple markers of MSCs (CD29, CD44, CD90, and CD73), but negatively expressed for hematopoietic antigens (CD11b, CD34, and CD45). Additionally, after induction culturing, the isolated cells can be differentiated into osteogenic, adipogenic, chondrogenic, and tenogenic lineages. The successful isolation and verification of USCs from canine were useful for studying cell-based therapies and developing new treatments for musculoskeletal injuries using the preclinical canine model.

1. Introduction

Stem cells and tissue-derived stromal cells stimulate the repair of degenerated and injured tissues, motivating a growing number of cell-based therapies in the musculoskeletal field [1, 2]. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) showed a good self-renew ability and were capable of differentiating into the progeny of several lineages, including osteoblasts, chondrocytes, adipocytes, fibroblasts, tenocytes, and myoblasts [3–7]. Thus, it was the most commonly used cell source in cell-based therapies. In recent years, preclinical and clinical studies have determined that the MSCs isolated from the bone marrow, peripheral blood, adipose tissue, synovium, and periosteum [3, 8, 9] have the therapeutic potential for the regeneration of injured musculoskeletal tissues, such as the bone, cartilage, tendon, enthesis, and intervertebral disc [10–14]. However, these types of MSCs are restricted by the invasive and painful harvesting procedures, which may cause donor site morbidity and limit their use for autogenous approaches. Therefore, finding a stem cell harvested without invasive and painful procedures would help us escape from the dilemma of the current cell-based therapies.

Urine-derived stem cells (USCs) isolated from urine have received significant attention and been studied as a promising candidate for the development of new cell-based therapies owning to their multilineage potential (differentiation into osteocytes, chondrocytes, adipocytes, neurocyte, myocytes, and endothelial cells) and sufficient proliferation capacities [15. 16]. The advantages of USCs include noninvasive and low-expense harvesting as well as being considered ethical. Additionally, USCs have been isolated from autologous urine which do not induce immune responses or rejection [15, 16]. Therefore, USCs are considered as an attractive alternative source for cell-based therapies to enhance musculoskeletal tissue regeneration.

Currently, most of the cell-based therapies on musculoskeletal tissue regeneration were determined in rodent models. A direct translation of those promising cell-based therapies to humans exists a significant hurdle. For solving this problem, a number of large animal species have been used by researchers to bridge the gap from rodents to humans [17–21]. Among these large animal species, canine represents a compelling model for translational studies. Compared with the rodents, dogs are large, long-lived, genetically diverse, and share many physiological and biochemical similarities with humans. Until now, canine models have been successfully used to develop adult bone marrow transplantation, gene therapy, and allograft rejection protocols for use in humans [22–24]. In addition, dogs have good compliance and response to learned behaviors, such as treadmill exercise; it was used to evaluate new therapies for cardiovascular and orthopedic diseases [25, 26]. Based on these benefits, the preclinical canine models in osteoarthritis, anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, rotator cuff repair, meniscal injury, and nonunion fracture have been developed and described in recent articles [27–33], which can be used to bridge the gap from rodents to humans. Although USCs have been successfully isolated in humans, no report has described the protocol of isolating USCs from canine (cUSCs). Therefore, it is imperative to isolate cUSCs to facilitate future studies on regenerative strategies for musculoskeletal tissue injuries.

In this study, we described the isolation and identification of cUSCs for the first time, and its morphology at different passages, surface markers, proliferation capacity, clonogenicity, and multilineage differentiation potential were investigated in vitro. The protocol developed for isolating cUSCs is an essential step to extrapolate USC-based therapy from a preclinical canine model for clinical management of tissue injuries.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Ethics Statement

The local animal ethics committee approved the experimental protocol for the use of beagle dogs in this study.

2.2. Canine USC Isolation and Expansion

The procedures of cUSC isolation and culture are depicted in Figure 1. Briefly, three healthy dogs were anesthetized with 3% pentobarbital sodium (0.15 mL/kg), and about 20 mL of urine sample was obtained from each dog with a sterile catheter. After centrifugation at 400 × g for 10 min, the supernatant was discarded, and about 1 mL of the remaining liquid in the tube was gently resuspended with 10 mL PBS containing 1% antibiotic-antimycotic (Gibco, USA). And then, the mixture was centrifuged at 200 × g for 10 min, and the supernatant was discarded. Three milliliters of primary medium (Table 1) was added into the remaining liquid, and the cell pellet was gently resuspended. The cell supernatant was averagely transferred into two wells of a 12-well plate. After the first 48 h, each well was added with 1 mL of primary medium. At the second 48 h, 1 mL of primary medium was replaced with 1 mL of fresh proliferation medium (Table 2). The whole medium was changed with a proliferation medium every 3 days. The cells were passaged when reaching 80-90% confluence. Passage 3 cells were used for further experiments.

Figure 1: Schematic diagram showing the procedure of canine USC isolation and culture.

Table 1: Reagents and formula of the primary medium for canine USCs.

Reagents
Formula (mL)

REGM SingleQuot kit (Lonza, USA)
2.6 mL

DMEM/F-12 (Gibco, USA)
86.4 mL

Fetal bovine serum (Gibco, USA)
10.0 mL

Antibiotic-antimycotic (Gibco, USA)
1.0 mL

Table 2: Reagents and formula of proliferation medium for canine USCs.

Reagents
Formula (mL)

DMEM/F-12 (Gibco, USA)
43.5 mL

RE basal medium (Lonza, USA)
42.9 mL

REGM SingleQuot kit (Lonza, USA)
600.0 μL

Fetal bovine serum (Gibco, USA)
10.0 mL

Antibiotic-antimycotic (Gibco, USA)
1.0 mL

GlutaMAX (Gibco, USA)
1.0 mL

MEM non-essential amino acids (Gibco, USA)
1.0 mL

bFGF (Peprotech, USA)
500 ng

PDGF-BB (Peprotech, USA)
500 ng

EGF (Peprotech, USA)
500 ng

2.3. Colony-Forming Unit (CFU) Assay

The CFU-F assay was performed to evaluate the clonogenicity of the isolated canine-derived cells. Briefly, canine USCs were plated on a 6-well plate in triplicate at 20 cells per well. After 10 days of cultivation, the cells were stained with 1% crystal violet (Solarbio, CHN), and the stained colonies bigger than 2 mm were counted. The CFU-F assay was performed independently in three dogs.

2.4. Cell Proliferation

The proliferation of isolated cells was evaluated at time points of 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 days using the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) (7seabiotech, China). Briefly, canine USCs were plated in a 96-well plate at cells per well and incubated at 37°C with 5% CO₂. At the desired time point, the cells in each well were incubated with 10 μL of CCK-8 reagent and 100 μL serum-free medium. After incubating the plate at 37°C with 5% CO₂ for 2 h, the absorbance at 450 nm was recorded using a microplate reader (Varioskan LUX, Thermo, USA). Each experiment was performed in four replicates. The cell proliferation assay was performed independently in the three dogs.

2.5. Surface Markers of Isolated Cells

The surface markers of isolated cells were analyzed by flow cytometry analysis. Briefly, the isolated cells ( cells, passage 3) from the three dogs were, respectively, suspended in 100 μL phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) containing 10 μg/mL antibodies for PE-conjugated CD29 (303003, BioLegend, USA), PE-conjugated CD44 (103024, BioLegend, USA), PE-conjugated CD90 (561970, BD Biosciences, USA), PE-conjugated CD105 (bs-0579R-PE, Bioss, CHN), FITC-conjugated CD73 (bs-23233R-FITC, Bioss, CHN), PE-conjugated CD34 (559369, BD Biosciences, USA), and FITC-conjugated CD45 (11-5450-42, eBioscience, USA). After incubation for 30 min at 4°C, the cells were washed with PBS and then resuspended in 500 μL of PBS for analysis. As for CD11b, the isolated cells ( cells, passage 3) were suspended in 100 μL phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) containing 10 μg/mL CD11b (MA5-16604, eBioscience, USA). After incubation for 30 min at 4°C, the cells were washed with PBS and then labeled with goat antirabbit IgG (H + L) cross-adsorbed secondary antibody, FITC (F-2765, Invitrogen), at a dilution of 1 : 500 for 1 h at room temperature. Cell fluorescence was evaluated by flow cytometry using a DxP Athena™ flow cytometry system (Cytek) and analyzed with FlowJo 10 software (Tree Star, USA).

2.6. Osteogenic Differentiation

The isolated cells were cultured in complete medium at 5000 cells/cm² in 6-well plates. When the cultured cells reached 80%-90% confluence, three wells of cells were cultured with basal complete medium (as the control group), and the other three wells of cells were cultured with osteogenic differentiation medium (MUBMD-90021, Cyagen, CHN) (as the osteogenic group). The medium was changed every 3 days. After 7-day culture, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis (qRT-PCR) was performed for evaluating the expression of osteogenic genes (Runx2, Spp1, Bglap) in the cells. The primer sequences were listed in Table 3. Meanwhile, Runx2 expression was evaluated by immunofluorescence assay using the anti-Runx2 antibody (ab76956, Abcam, USA). Additionally, Alizarin Red was used to stain the calcium nodules for assessing osteogenic differentiation of isolated cells after a 21-day culture. To conduct Alizarin Red assay, the cells were washed twice with PBS, followed by 10 min fixation in 70% ethanol and incubated in 0.5% Alizarin Red solution for 30 min, followed by PBS washing to remove the residual dye. The images of stained cells were obtained using a fluorescence microscope and a light microscope, respectively.

Table 3: Primer sequences used for qRT-PCR analysis.

Markers
Gene
Primer sequence (5-3)

Osteogenic genes
Runx2
Forward CAGACCAGCAGCACTCCATA

Reverse CAGCGTCAACACCATCATTC

Bglap
Forward CTGAATCCCGCAAAGGTGGT

Reverse CTCGTCACAGTTGGGGTTGA

Spp1
Forward TAGCCAGGACTCCGTTGACT

Reverse ACACTATCACCTCGGCCATC

Chondrogenic genes
Sox9
Forward GCTCGCAGTACGACTACACTGAC

Reverse GTTCATGTAGGTGAAGGTGGAG

Col2a1
Forward GAAACTCTGCCACCCTGAATG

Reverse GCTCCACCAGTTCTTCTTGG

Acan
Forward ATCAACAGTGCTTACCAAGACA

Reverse ATAACCTCACAGCGATAGATCC

Adipogenic genes
PPARγ
Forward primer TCACAGAGTACGCCAAAAGT

Reverse primer ACTCCCTTGTCATGAATCCT

FABP4
Forward ATCAGTGTAAACGGGGATGTG

Reverse GACTTTTCTGTCATCCGCAGTA

LPL
Forward ACACATTCACAAGAGGGTCAC

Reverse CTCTGCAATCACACGGATG

Tenogenic genes
Tnmd
Forward GATCCCATGCTGGATGAG

Reverse TACAAGGCATGATGACACG

Scx
Forward AAGCTCTCCAAGATCCGAGACACTG

Reverse AAGAAGGGCCCAGAGTGGC

Mkx
Forward AGACATGTCATGGCCACAAA

Reverse TGATGATGAGGGAGACACCA

Housekeeping
GAPDH
Forward CCATCTTCCAGGAGCGAGAT

Reverse TTCTCCATGGTGGTGAAGAC

2.7. Adipogenic Differentiation

The isolated cells were cultured in complete medium at 5000 cells/cm² within 6-well plates. When the cultured cells reached 95-100% confluence, three wells of cells were cultured with basal complete medium (as the control group), and the other three wells of cells were cultured with adipogenic differentiation medium (MUBMD-90031, Cyagen, CHN) (as the adipogenic group). The medium was changed every 3 days. After 7-day culture, qRT-PCR was performed for evaluating the expression of adipogenic genes (PPARγ, FABP4, LPL) in the cells. Meanwhile, the PPARγ expression was evaluated by immunofluorescence assay using an anti-PPARγ antibody (ab45036, Abcam, USA). The primer sequences were also listed in Table 3. Additionally, Oil red O was used to stain the neutral lipid vacuoles within cells for assessing the adipogenic differentiation of isolated cells after a 21-day culture. The steps for Oil red O staining assay are described below: the cells were washed twice with PBS and then fixed with 70% ethanol for 20 s. After that, they were incubated with filtered 0.3% Oil red O solution for 15 min, followed by thorough washing with PBS. The images of stained cells were viewed using a light microscope.

2.8. Chondrogenic Differentiation

The isolated cells were cultured in complete medium at 5000 cells/cm² within 6-well plates. When the cultured cells reached 80%-90% confluence, three wells of cells were cultured with a basal complete medium (as the control group), and the other three wells of cells were cultured with a chondrogenic differentiation medium (MUBMD-90041, Cyagen, CHN) (as the chondrogenic group). The medium was changed every 3 days. After 7-day culture, qRT-PCR was performed for evaluating the expression of chondrogenic genes (Sox9, Acan, Col2a1) in the cells. The primer sequences are listed in Table 3. Meanwhile, Sox9 expression was evaluated by immunofluorescence assay using the anti-Sox9 antibody (PA5-23383, Invitrogen, USA). Additionally, Alcian blue was used to stain the deposition of proteoglycan around the cells for assessing the chondrogenic differentiation of isolated cells after a 21-day culture. The Alcian blue staining assay was performed by the following steps: the cells were washed twice with PBS and then fixed with 70% ethanol for 20 s. After that, they were incubated with Alcian blue solution for 30 min, followed by thorough washing with PBS. The images of stained cells were obtained using a fluorescence microscope and a light microscope, respectively.

2.9. Tenogenic Differentiation

The isolated cells were cultured in complete medium at 5000 cells/cm² within 6-well plates. When the cultured cells reached 80%-90% confluence, three wells of cells were cultured in basal medium alone (as the control group) or supplemented with 50 ng/ml BMP-12 (PeproTech) (as the tenogenic group). The medium was changed every 3 days. After 7-day culture, qRT-PCR was performed for evaluating the expression of tenogenic genes (Tnmd, Scx, and Mkx) in the cells. The primer sequences were listed in Table 3. Meanwhile, Tnmd expression was evaluated by immunofluorescence assay using the anti-Tnmd antibody (ab81328, Abcam, USA). The images of stained cells were obtained using a fluorescence microscope.

2.10. Statistical Analysis

All quantitative data are presented as . The comparison of the two groups was done using a two-tailed, unpaired Student’s -test, and the comparison of multiple groups was done using a one-way factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the comparison of individual means with Tukey’s test. The statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS 25.0 software (SPSS, USA). was regarded as statistically significant. All the experiments have been performed at least three biologically independent replicates.

3. Results

3.1. Morphology and Proliferation of Urine-Derived Cells

At days 5–7 after primary culture, adherent cells and colonies with spindle-shape or round-shape were observed, and lots of dead sperm were suspended in the medium (Figure 2(a)). In passage 1, most of the isolated cells exhibited a spindle-shape and fibroblast-like morphology, and few of them still displayed round-shape (Figure 2(a)). At passage 2 or 3, the canine urine-derived cells exhibited a homogeneous spindle-shaped morphology (Figure 2(a)). CCK-8 assay indicated that passage 3 of the isolated cells proliferated with a high rate within the first 5 days (Figure 2(b)).

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 2: (a) Morphology of cells isolated from canine urine at different passages. At P0, spindle-shaped or round-shaped cells were observed. At P1, spindle-shape and fibroblast-like morphology cells were observed. Scale . (b) The proliferation of urine-derived cells was determined by CCK-8 assay. Four samples were measured for each time point. The experiment was performed independently in the three dogs. (c) Colony-forming unit assay of the isolated cells after 10 days of culture. Scale .

3.2. Clonogenicity of Urine-Derived Cells

The clonogenicity of the isolated urine-derived cells was determined using the CFU assay. After 10 days of culture, cells isolated from urine formed adherent cell colonies (Figure 2(c)). Statistically, the isolated cells formed colonies at a density of 40 cells per well (Figure 2(c)).

3.3. Surface Marker of Urine-Derived Cells

Flow cytometric analysis showed that passage 3 urine-derived cells positively expressed multiple markers of MSCs (CD29, CD44, CD90, and CD73), but negatively expressed for hematopoietic antigens (CD11b, CD34, and CD45) (Figure 3). These immunophenotypic profiles were in accordance with the criteria for defining MSCs proposed by the International Society for Cellular Therapy (ISCT) [34].

(a)

(b)

Figure 3: Flow cytometry for the isolated cells. (a) Representative histograms demonstrating positive and negative staining of urine-derived cells from a single dog. (b) Percentage of positive cells for the urine-derived cells isolated from three canine donors.

3.4. Osteogenic Differentiation Potential

After 7 days of culture, the cells in osteogenic induced medium showed a significantly higher mRNA expression level of Runx2, Bglap, and Spp1 compared with the cells in basal medium ( for all) (Figure 4(a)). Additionally, most of the cells cultured in osteogenic induced medium are positive for Runx2 protein expression (Figure 4(b)). After 21 days of osteogenic induction, Alizarin Red assay showed that osteogenic induced cultures had calcium nodules, while the calcium nodules were absent in the basal cultures (Figure 4(c)).

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 4: Osteogenic differentiation of urine-derived cells in vitro. (a) Osteogenic gene (Runx2, Bglap, SPP1) expression compared between osteogenic medium and its respective basal cultures. , . Runx2: Runt-related transcription factor 2; Bglap, bone γ-carboxyglutamate protein; Spp1, secreted phosphoprotein. (b) The Runx2 protein expression of the urine-derived cells after 7 days of osteogenic induction. Scale . (c) Alizarin Red staining of cells after 21 days in osteogenic or basal medium. Calcium nodules were seen in the osteogenic induced medium. Scale .

3.5. Adipogenic Differentiation Potential

After 7 days of adipogenic induced medium, the mRNA expression level of PPARγ, FABP4, and LPL were significantly upregulated in the cells under adipogenic induced medium when compared with the cells under basal medium. Qualitatively, there was a , and -fold increase for PPARγ, FABP4, and LPL upon adipogenic induction compared to basal cultures, respectively ( for all) (Figure 5(a)). Immunofluorescence assay showed that the cells in the adipogenic group expressed the PPARγ obviously, while limited expression was showed in the cells under basal complete medium (Figure 5(b)). Under the influence of adipogenic induction, the isolated cells achieved an adipocytic phenotype by the end of the third week. The presence of intracytoplasmic lipid droplets was confirmed by Oil Red O staining only in induced cultures (Figure 5(c)), but not in basal cultures.

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 5: Adipogenic differentiation of urine-derived cells in vitro. (a) adipogenic gene (PPARγ, FABP4, and LPL) expression compared between adipogenic medium and its respective basal cultures. , . PPARγ: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ; FABP4: fatty acid-binding protein 4; LPL, lipoprotein lipase. (b) The PPARγ protein expression of the urine-derived cells after 7 days of adipogenic induction. Scale . (c) Oil Red O staining of cells after 21 days in adipogenic or basal medium. Intracytoplasmic lipid droplets were seen in the adipogenic induced medium. Scale .

3.6. Chondrogenic Differentiation Potential

After 7 days of chondrogenic induction, the increased expression of chondrogenic-associated markers (Sox9, Col2a1, Acan) was found in the chondrogenic group with respect to the control group ( for all) (Figure 6(a)). Moreover, immunofluorescence assay showed that the cells cultured in the chondrogenic differentiation medium were positive for Sox9 expression, while no Sox9 expression was found in the cell cultured on basal complete medium (Figure 6(b)). After 21 days of chondrogenic induction, there was glycosaminoglycan deposition found around the cells by Alcian blue staining (Figure 6(c)).

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 6: Chondrogenic differentiation of urine-derived cells in vitro. (a) Chondrogenic gene (Sox9, Col2a1, Acan) expression compared between the chondrogenic medium and its respective basal cultures. , . Sox9, sex-determining region Y-box 9; Col2a1, collagen type II; Acan, Aggrecan. (b) The Sox9 protein expression of the urine-derived cells after 7 days of chondrogenic induction. Scale . (c) Alcian blue staining of cells after 21 days in chondrogenic or basal medium. Glycosaminoglycan deposition around the cells was seen in the chondrogenic induced medium. Scale .

3.7. Tenogenic Differentiation Potential

The isolated cells exposed to the tenogenic induced medium for 7 days showed a significant enhancement in the Tnmd, Scx, and Mkx expression with respect to the cells under basal cultures ( for all) (Figure 7(a)). Immunofluorescence assay showed that the cells in the tenogenic induced medium obviously expressed the Tnmd protein, while limited expression was showed in the cells under basal medium (Figure 7(b)).

(a)

(b)

Figure 7: Tenogenic differentiation of urine-derived cells in vitro. (a) Tenogenic gene (Tnmd, Scx, and Mkx) expression compared between tenogenic medium and its respective basal cultures. , , . Tnmd, tenomodulin; Scx, scleraxis; Mkx, mohawk. (b) The Tnmd protein expression of the urine-derived cells after 7 days of tenogenic induction. Scale .

4. Discussion

MSCs have been isolated from several canine sources, including the bone marrow, adipose tissue, synovium tissue, infrapatellar fat pad, umbilical cord vein, and ovarian tissue [8, 35–38]. In this study, we describe for the first time the isolation, characterization, and differentiation potential of MSCs obtained from canine urine samples, namely, cUSCs. The isolated cUSCs displayed spindle-shaped cells with rapid proliferation potential and were able to self-renewal forming colonies from single cells and showed osteogenic, adipogenic, chondrogenic, and tenogenic differentiation. The protocol developed for isolating cUSCs will be convenient for extrapolating USCs-based therapies from a preclinical canine model for clinical management of tissue injuries.

Plastic adherence is one of the most obvious characteristics of MSCs. Our study showed that the isolated cUSCs adhered to plastic and displayed a spindle-shaped morphology, similar to those reported from humans[15, 39]. Previous studies reported that USCs derived from human urine (hUSCs) proliferated to 70-80% confluence no more than 3 days [16, 40], while the other two studies indicated that USCs derived from humans proliferated to 70-80% confluence no more than 5 days [41, 42]. Similarly, our study showed that after 5 days, the cUSCs proliferated to 70-80% confluence.

Surface markers are another index to identify MSCs. A relative consensus currently exists regarding the surface markers detected with flow cytometry for human MSCs [34]. Unfortunately, a consensus regarding an acceptable flow cytometry profile remains to be determined for canine MSCs. Our study demonstrated that the isolated cell from canine urine was positive for CD29, CD44, CD90, and CD73, while lacking expression of CD45, CD11b, and CD34, which corresponds to the MSC surface markers specified by the International Society for Cellular Therapy (ISCT) [34]. The expressions of these surface markers were consistent with USCs from humans [39, 42].

During osteogenic differentiation of the isolated cUSCs, calcium phosphate deposition and osteogenic-specific gene expressions were tested. Runx2 and Spp1 are known to be upregulated during the osteogenic differentiation of human MSCs [43, 44]. Bglap is a bone-specific gene required for matrix mineralization [45]. In cUSCs with osteogenic induction, Runx2, Spp1, and Bglap were found to be significantly upregulated expressed at day 21, and lots of calcium nodules positive for Alizarin Red staining formed at the culture plate. These results were consistent with similar studies in hUSCs [39].

During the process of cUSC adipogenic differentiation, lipid droplet formation and adipocyte-specific gene (PPARγ, FABP4, and LPL) expression were detected. The cellular function of FABP4 is the coupling of fatty acids to several molecular targets as a fatty acids chaperone [46]. Via peroxisome proliferator response elements, the transcription of FABP4 is directly coupled to PPARγ for enhancing the adipogenic differentiation of MSCs [47]. During the process of adipogenesis, the expression of FABP4 was found to be upregulated in cUSCs. In addition, PPARγ might play a critical role in adipogenesis by binding to the enhancer of adipocyte-specific genes, such as LPL, leptin, fatty acid-binding protein, and the adipocyte P2 gene (aP2) [48, 49]. Thus, the cUSCs under adipogenic induction presented significantly higher expression of PPARγ and LPL with respect to the untreated cUSCs.

As for the chondrogenic differentiation capacity of cUSCs, there exists a dispute. Pei et al. reported that USCs did not present the ability to differentiate into chondrocytes in a 5% O₂ and 5% CO₂ incubator up to 14 days [50], while some studies have determined that USCs could differentiate toward the chondrogenic lineages after chondrogenic induction for 28 days [51–53]. Meanwhile, some studies showed that USCs could differentiate into chondrocytes but presented relatively lower chondrogenic potential with respect to MSCs derived from adipose tissue (ASCs) or bone marrow (BMSCs) [40, 54]. But another study indicated that USCs possessed a similar biological characteristic to ASCs and had multilineage differentiation ability [51]. Herein, the chondrogenic potential of cUSCs was showed by a synthesis of proteoglycans using Alcian blue staining. The expressions of Col2a1 and Acan (major cartilage extracellular matrix components) were upregulated in the cUSCs after chondrogenic induction in a 20% O₂ and 5% CO₂ incubator. This study indicated that the isolated cUSCs under chondrogenic induction could differentiate into chondrocytes.

BMP-12 is a critical growth factor involved in guiding MSC tenogenic differentiation [55, 56]. Thus, we added it into the culture medium of cUSCs and then determined the tenogenic differentiation potential of cUSCs by evaluating their tenogenic gene (Tnmd, Scx, and Mkx) expression and Tnmd protein expression. Stimulated by BMP-12 for 7 days, the expression level of Tnmd and Scx was significantly upregulated in cUSCs. Scx is critically involved in the development of tendon progenitors, and Mkx is a critical transcription factor for the subsequent tendon differentiation and maturation [57], while the gene expression of Tnmd, a well-known late-stage tenogenic marker [58], was also significantly overexpressed. The enhanced expression of tendon-related genes following BMP-12 treatment is in good agreement with other studies performed on MSCs from humans and rats [55, 56].

A limitation of this study is that the multilineage differentiation potentials of cUSCs were not evaluated in vivo. Previous literatures indicated that the hUSCs have the ability to differentiate into the bone, cartilage, and urinary tract tissue [16, 39, 41]. In future studies, we used the cUSCs combined with tissue-engineering scaffold for regenerating the bone, cartilage, tendon, and urinary tract tissue in the preclinical canine model.

In conclusion, for the first time, cUSC was successfully isolated from canine urine, which presented clonogenicity and high proliferation capacity. In addition, these cells express the specific-makers of MSCs and can differentiate into osteogenesis, chondrogenesis, adipogenesis, and tenogenesis under a specific induction. The successful isolation of USCs from canine urine may help us preliminarily evaluate the efficacy of USCs-based therapy in a preclinical canine model for clinical management of tissue injuries.

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are included in the article.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no competing financial interests.

Authors’ Contributions

H.L. and C.C. designed the experiments. Y.X. and Y.C. performed the experiments and analyzed the data. T.Z. and Y.X. wrote the manuscript. M.L., Q.S., T.Q., J.H., and J. L. assisted in the experiments and preparation of the manuscript. C.C. and J. L. supervised the study. Yan Xu and Tao Zhang contributed equally to this work.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 81730068, 81902220 and 81902192), the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province of China (No. 2017JJ2006 and 2018JJ3814), and the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 2019M652809). The authors extend their sincere thanks to Prof. Hui Xie in Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, for sharing the protocol of human urine-derived stem cells isolation.

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