Research of Fault Diagnosis Based on Sensitive Intrinsic Mode Function Selection of EEMD and Adaptive Stochastic Resonance

A novel methodology for the fault diagnosis of rolling bearing in strong background noise, based on sensitive intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) selection of ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) and adaptive stochastic resonance, is proposed. The original vibration signal is decomposed into a group of IMFs and a residual trend item by EEMD. Constructing weighted kurtosis index difference spectrum (WKIDS) to adaptively select sensitive IMFs, this method can overcome the shortcomings of the existing methods such as subjective choice or need to determine a threshold using the correlation coefficient. To further reduce noise and enhance weak characteristics, the adaptive stochastic resonance is employed to amplify each sensitive IMF. Then, the ensemble average is used to eliminate the stochastic noise. The simulation and rolling element bearing experiment with an inner fault are performed to validate the proposed method.The results show that the proposed method not only overcomes the difficulty of choosing sensitive IMFs, but also, combinedwith adaptive stochastic resonance, can better enhance theweak fault characteristics. Moreover, the proposed method is better than EEMD and adaptive stochastic resonance of each sensitive IMF, demonstrating the feasibility of the proposed method in highly noisy environments.


Introduction
Rolling bearings are widely used in large or small mechanical equipment [1,2].In severe cases when rolling bearings early break down during serving the machines, the machines can be damaged.In fact, the unpredictable failures may cause serious damage to machinery and equipment, so the extraction of early defects is very important to ensure the reliable operation of the machinery [3].It is difficult for the vibration signal of the rolling bearing which is nonstationary and strongly modulated to detect weak fault characteristics under strong background noise [4].The traditional signal processing methods are mainly to reduce or eliminate the noise.Empirical mode decomposition method is an effective tool for processing the complex nonstationary signal, but it has a disadvantage which is the mode mixing [5].Later, Wu and Huang [6] have proposed ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) by introducing the additional noise, and this method has overcome the shortcoming of the traditional empirical mode decomposition to some extent.
The complex nonstationary vibration signal can be decomposed into many intrinsic mode functions (IMFs), and these functions can reflect the real physical information in the vibration signals.However, some of these IMFs are useless or interfering components and the others are sensitive components to fault characteristics.Many researchers extracted the fault features by selecting the effective and sensitive IMFs to the mechanical faults, thereby eliminating the noise components or the unrelated-fault components.Hu et al. [7,8] proposed a method of selecting the sensitive IMFs by using the largest kurtosis index; many kurtosis values may be greater than 3; the maximum kurtosis value corresponding to IMFs may lose part of the fault information.Tan et al. [9] proposed a method to select sensitive IMFs by using correlation coefficient, but the method needs to determine a threshold to select sensitive IMFs components.According to different signals, the threshold value required to be adjusted artificially.In order to overcome the above shortcomings, this paper proposed a method that constructs weighted kurtosis index difference spectrum for selecting effective 2 Shock and Vibration and sensitive IMFs to the faults.However, in the strong background noise, even if the effective IMFs are obtained, the fault feature is still very weak, which cannot identify the fault characteristics effectively.For the fault diagnosis of weak signal, stochastic resonance is widely used for its unique advantages.Stochastic resonance was first proposed in 1981 in the study of Earth's glaciers and it has attracted a lot of attention in the past thirty years, especially in denoising and signal enhancement [10].When the useful signal and the noise are mixed, the traditional denoising methods will damage the useful signal and lose the vibration features.At the same time, the traditional methods cannot extract the fault features where the signal-to-noise ratio is less than −15 dB.Stochastic resonance is used to enhance the weak fault characteristics and reduce the noise, but the performance of stochastic resonance methods is mostly decided by system parameters of the potential function of stochastic resonance [11].The existing stochastic resonance methods ignore the interactive effect between parameters through subjectively selecting parameters or optimizing only one parameter [12].Zhang et al. [13] extended the frequency range of stochastic resonance by scaling transform and applied it to the fault characteristic detection of bearing outer race.In addition, multiple parameters of stochastic resonance system need to be optimized to ensure the effectiveness of stochastic resonance.This paper quoted the method using the ant colony algorithm to parallelly optimize multiple parameters of stochastic resonance [14][15][16].Therefore, combining the advantages of EEMD reduced noise and stochastic resonance enhanced weak fault characteristics, this paper proposes a fault diagnosis method based on sensitive IMFs selection of EEMD and adaptive stochastic resonance.Firstly, the original vibration signal is decomposed by EEMD.The modulated vibration signal is demodulated effectively and the frequency features of vibration signal are decomposed into several IMFs components.These obtained IMFs components are selected by weighted kurtosis index difference spectrum (WKIDS).Finally, the selected sensitive IMFs are input into the stochastic resonance system.In order to further reduce noise, the enhanced sensitive IMFs via stochastic resonance are ensemble-averaged.Finally, the weak fault characteristics are realized in the strong background noise, and the validity of the sensitive IMFs selection of EEMD and adaptive stochastic resonance method is verified by simulation and experiment.
The other parts of this paper are as follows.Section 2 introduces the basic principles of EEMD and stochastic resonance.Section 3 describes the method for the sensitive IMFs selection of EEMD and adaptive stochastic resonance.Constructing WKIDS, the selected IMFs are input into adaptive stochastic resonance.To reduce noise further and enhance the weak signal and the adaptive stochastic resonance of each sensitive IMF, ensemble average is used to eliminate the stochastic noise.The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by the periodic pulse signal simulation in Section 4. The inner ring fault of bearing is detected by the proposed method in Section 5. Finally, the conclusion is given in Section 6.

Principle Analyses
2.1.Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition.Huang et al. [17,18] proposed empirical mode decomposition to decompose any complicated signal, which has been widely studied and applied in the fault diagnosis field.However, the empirical mode decomposition method still needs improvement in some areas.An important limitation is the mode mixing problem.Recently, Wu and Huang [6] proposed a new method (EEMD) to solve the mode mixing which can restore the nature of the original signal.It is known to be a great improvement of empirical mode decomposition and is widely used in the machinery field [19].
The principle of EEMD method used the Gaussian white noise with a uniform frequency distribution of the statistical characteristics; when the signal is added to the Gaussian white noise, the signal will be continued at different scales.In order to reduce the degree of mode mixing, the specific decomposition steps and principles are shown as follows.
Step 1.In the original signal, () is added to the Gaussian white noise   () with the amplitude mean value of 0, and the standard deviation is constant.Hence, In the formula,   () represents the Gaussian white noise signal that is added for  times, and the range size of the Gaussian white noise will directly affect the signal EEMD to avoid the decomposition effect of the mode mixing.
Step 2.   () is decomposed by empirical mode decomposition and hence we get the IMF component   () and the remainder ().  () indicates that, after the  times, Gaussian white noise is added and the th component is obtained.
Step 3. Repeat Steps 1 and 2 N times.Using the principle of uncorrelated random sequence with the statistical mean value of 0, the IMF corresponding to the above will have total average operation and will eliminate the influence on IMF while the white Gaussian noise is added repeatedly.Finally, the IMFs are obtained after EEMD: In formula (2),   () represents the notion that the th IMF component is obtained from the EEMD of the original signal.
The greater the value of  is, the more the IMFs of Gaussian white noise tend to be 0. So, the results of EEMD are as follows:  Each frequency band contains different frequency components and may vary with the change of the vibration signal ().

Model of Stochastic
Resonance.Nowadays, the bistable system is widely studied which is driven by the Gaussian white noise and external periodic signal.This bistable system can be defined as follows: where () is potential function of nonlinear bistable system where periodic external force () =  cos() and () is Gaussian white noise in which the intensity is  and the mean value is 0. Accordingly, we can obtain (6) by operating (4) and (5): where  is the output signal of stochastic resonance system and  and  are the parameters of stochastic resonance system; meanwhile, the system parameters satisfy  > 0,  > 0. This equation indicates that, in two potential wells, the overdamped motion of the particle is driven by periodic signal and noise.The potential function () has two stable fixed points at  = ±√/, the height of potential barrier is Δ() =  2 /4, and the barrier top is located at  = 0. To be specific, we choose  =  = 1;  = 0.8,  = 1;  = 1,  = 0.8. Figure 1 shows the different states of potential functions () at different stochastic resonance system parameters  and .It is clear that two potential wells are symmetric and separated by a barrier with the height changes with different system parameters  and , so as to achieve the best stochastic resonance [20,21].Hence, we can achieve the aim of detecting weak signals successfully by adjusting the system parameters [22,23].

The
In the formula,  = ( 1 ,  2 , . . .,   , . . .,   ) is the signal sequence,  is the signal length,  is the mean value of the signal, and  is the standard deviation of the signal Equation ( 7) turns to Because  is the mean value of the signal, when the pulse signal increases or decreases, it will have little influence on .When the pulse signal increases, () increases and thus  decreases.Similarly, when the pulse signal decreases,  increases.When there are multiple pulse signals in the strong background noise, one or more of the pulse signals are hidden in the noise that may not be detected;  does not decrease but increases.The loss of the pulse signal is called "leakage peak phenomenon."Therefore, kurtosis index curve cannot reflect all the information of IMFs.
represents the correlation of the two signals.The more the similarity they have, the greater the value of .The crosscorrelation coefficient between signals () and (), , is defined as Because the fault vibration signal () is decomposed into IMFs components by EEMD, each IMF component  IMF is similar to (), and their cross-correlation coefficient is  1 . IMF is also similar to normal working condition signal  nor (), and each IMF component and normal working condition signal's cross-correlation coefficient is  2 . 1 and  2 are defined as Combined with the two cross-correlation coefficients, a new cross-correlation coefficient   =  1 −  2 is obtained which is associated with fault.  is considered not only the similarity between each IMF and the normal signal, but also the similarity of the fault vibration signal.Because of the absolute value   which is a real number and is no more than 1, it has the potential to be the weight.
In the strong background noise and multiple pulse signals, one or more pulse signals are hidden by the noise, and  increases.However, the similarity of pulse signals associated with fault is reduced; that is,   decreases, and the decrease of   corrects the increase of .Therefore, this paper uses   as the weight of  to construct weighted kurtosis index   which is defined as The weighted kurtosis index can not only prevent the loss of vibration signal, but also ensure the similarity of vibration signal.Hence, the weighted kurtosis index curve reflects all the information of IMFs.Let the sequence of IMFs corresponding to the weighted kurtosis index defined as  = ( Therefore, sensitive IMFs of EEMD are further enhanced by adaptive stochastic resonance method.The traditional stochastic resonance is only applicable to small parameter signal (signal amplitude  ≤ 1, noise intensity  ≤ 1, and signal frequency  ≤ 1).Therefore, the sensitive IMFs before inputting into stochastic resonance system are processed by frequency-shifted and scaling transform to satisfy the small parameter conditions.The principle of the method is to design a frequency compression scale, and the frequency of sensitive IMFs is compressed to determine the calculation step size.This way, the IMFs meet the requirements of small parameters.The system parameters  and  of stochastic resonance have a decisive effect on its performance [25].In this paper, a good global optimization ability of ant colony algorithm is used to search the optimal parameters of stochastic resonance.The optimal combination of parameters  and  is brought into stochastic resonance and the signal-tonoise ratio of each sensitive IMF is calculated as the objection function of ant colony algorithm.Thus, the enhanced  IMFs are obtained.In order to reduce the stochastic interference in each enhanced IMF, each enhanced IMF was ensembleaveraged, eliminating the effects of noise in multiple IMFs.So, the final result is defined as In formula (17),   represents the th effective IMF component.
In the paper, the flowchart of the proposed method is shown in Figure 2. The procedure of the method is described as follows.
(1) The bearing vibration signals are decomposed by EEMD, obtaining  IMFs and a trend term.
(2) A method of WKIDS is proposed;  sensitive IMFs are selected by WKIDS, which are treated as the input of stochastic resonance system.
(3) Initiate the parameters of ant colony algorithm and select evaluation function of stochastic resonance.Here, the evaluation function is set as the signal-to-noise ratio of output signal of stochastic resonance system.(4) The  sensitive IMFs are initially processed by frequency-shifted and scaling transform to meet the requirements of small parameters.
(5) Employ ant colony algorithm to optimize the two parameters  and  of stochastic resonance and thereby obtain the optimal combination of  and .The signal-to-noise ratio of  sensitive IMFs is calculated as an evaluation function and further  enhanced IMFs are obtained.
(6) The  enhanced IMFs are ensemble-averaged to get the final enhanced signal, and the fault characteristic frequency is extracted from it.

Simulated Verification
In order to validate the effectiveness of the method proposed, periodic pulse of the bearing fault simulation signal is employed in [26].The sampling frequency of the periodic pulse signal is 10 kHz.The characteristic frequency is 50 Hz, and the sampling time is 1 s.Time-domain waveform and frequency spectrum of the periodic pulse signal are shown in Figure 3.
The noise intensity with Gaussian white noise of 0.5 is added to the periodic pulse signal in order to simulate the operating background of rotating machinery.It is shown in Figure 4(a) that the periodic pulse signal is submerged in strong background noise.Therefore, the simulated signal has certain practical significance.
Due to the fact that the periodic pulse signal is hidden in the strong noise, we cannot obtain the periodic pulse characteristics from the time-domain waveform in Figure 4(a) and the corresponding frequency spectrum in Figure 4(b).We know that the envelope spectrum has a good effect on extracting the fault feature, but the fault characteristics are still hidden in Figure 4(c).Therefore, we conclude that the envelope spectrum cannot extract the characteristic frequency of the noisy signal in the strong background noise.
In order to obtain the characteristic frequency in strong background noise, the original signal is decomposed by EEMD, and then 13 IMFs and a residual trend item are obtained which are shown in Figure 5(a).IMF1∼IMF6 are the high and low frequency components, IMF7∼IMF9 are the low frequency components, and IMF10∼IMF13 are the very low frequency components so that the characteristic We use the method of KWIDS to select the sensitive IMFs.Firstly, according to (9), we can get the kurtosis index curves in Figure 6(a).From the graph, multiple kurtosis index values are greater than 3 which may cause the loss of some characteristics.Hence, the weighted kurtosis index is constructed by the cross-correlation coefficient to get all the fault information of the IMFs and the difference spectrum curve by formula (17) in Figure 6(b).Difference spectrum corresponding to IMFs is shown in Table 1, with IMF4 of 0.07206 and the maximum mutation point.Therefore, IMF1∼ IMF4 reflect the fault characteristics of the raw vibration signal and they are the sensitive IMFs input of adaptive stochastic resonance method.
According to frequency-shifted scaling transform method, the pass frequency and cutoff frequency of the high pass filter are 48 Hz and 40 Hz, respectively.The modulation frequency is 40 Hz and the variable scale compression rate is 400.The target frequency is compressed to (50 − 40)/400 = 0.025 ≤ 1 Hz which meets the requirements of small parameters.IMF1∼IMF4 input signals are input into stochastic resonance system, and two system parameters  and  of stochastic resonance are optimized by ant colony algorithm.Find the optimal parameter combination of adaptive stochastic resonance system in the range of 0 <  < 10 and 0 <  < 10, and the output signal-to-noise ratios of IMF1∼IMF4 are 20.3957,20.1430, 21.4371, and 18.5379, respectively, which is an evaluation function in Table 2.
The time-domain and the frequency spectrum of the IMF1∼IMF4 components input into adaptive stochastic resonance are shown in Figures 7∼10.
Because the adaptive stochastic resonance can enhance the weak fault characteristics buried in noise, the feature frequency of the component signal can be highlighted.The  10, due to the strong noise of the interference, the maximum spectral peak is 51.67 Hz, instead of the target frequency.In order to reduce noise interference, overall average operation is performed on IMF1∼IMF4, and the result is shown in Figure 11.
In Figure 11(b), the highest amplitude frequency is 50 Hz, which is the same as the characteristic frequency, and the period of vibration signal is very obvious.In addition, the noise is largely eliminated by using stochastic resonance and statistical average.Compared with EEMD in Figure 5(b) and stochastic resonance of each IMF component in Figures 7(b), 8(b), 9(b), and 10(b), it is obviously superior to all the above.In other words, the EEMD reduces noise but does not extract the features of the fault.Stochastic resonance of each IMF component is used to enhance the weak fault characteristics and this effect is not so perfect.In order to reduce noise further, the ensemble average is used for four enhanced IMFs.Finally, the fault characteristic frequency is extracted effectively and the peak is much higher than the surrounding noise.Therefore, we verified the validity of fault diagnosis method of sensitive IMFs selection of EEMD and adaptive stochastic resonance.

Experimental Demonstration
The equipment used in the experiment is a bearing fault test platform made by American spectra quest manufacturing company as shown in Figure 12.In the test, we used ZonicBook/618E type test system and the ER-10K cylindrical roller bearings as the failure bearing.The vibration signal is collected by the acceleration sensor which is mounted on the bearing seat.The cylindrical roller bearing geometry sizes are  = 8,  = 33.5 mm,  = 7.9375 mm, and  = 0 ∘ .In the test, sampling frequency is 5120 Hz and the speed of the shaft is 2100 r/min.According to fault characteristic frequency theory about the rolling bearings, we can know that the inner race fault frequency is 173.25 Hz.Time-domain waveform of the bearing inner race is shown in Figure 13(a).Due to the fault signals being very weak in the strong background noise, it is not easy to find the fault characteristic frequency in the frequency spectrum and envelope spectrum that are shown in Figures 13(b) and 13(c).Therefore, we cannot determine whether the bearing inner race has a fault.
According to the method proposed in this paper, firstly, the raw vibration signal is decomposed by EEMD in which the time-domain waveform of IMF1∼IMF4 is shown in Figure 14(a).The characteristic component of the bearing inner race fault is completely hidden in the background noise with a low signal-to-noise ratio, which cannot detect obvious spectral peaks in the frequency spectrum of IMF1∼IMF4 in Figure 14(b), and the fault features cannot be extracted.Therefore, the proposed method is used to select the sensitive IMFs of EEMD and adaptive stochastic resonance.
In order to obtain the sensitive IMFs, constructing KWDIS according to (9) and kurtosis index curve is shown in Figure 15 kurtosis index values greater than 3 which indicate that the extracted bearing inner race fault is distorted.Hence, the weighted kurtosis index is constructed by the crosscorrelation coefficient to get all bearing inner race faults information and difference spectrum by (17) in Figure 15(b).Difference spectrums corresponding to IMFs are shown in Table 3, with IMF3 of 0.9087 and the maximum mutation point.Therefore, IMF1∼IMF3 reflect the fault characteristics of the bearing inner race and they were the sensitive IMFs input as adaptive stochastic resonance signals.
The selected IMF1∼IMF3 are input into the adaptive stochastic resonance.Due to the fact that the target frequency of the bearing inner race fault is 173.25 Hz, in the frequencyshifted and scaling transform pretreatment method, the pass frequency and cutoff frequency of the high pass filter are 170 Hz and 165 Hz, respectively.The modulation frequency  is 165 Hz and the variable scale compression rate is 400.The target frequency is compressed to (173.25 − 165)/400 = 0.02065 ≤ 1 Hz which meets the requirements of small parameters.Because the actual signal is more complex than the simulation signal, the parameter optimization of stochastic resonance is based on ant colony algorithm.The optimal parameter combinations of adaptive stochastic resonance of IMF1∼IMF3 and output signal-to-noise ratio of IMF1∼IMF3 are 22.3860, 22.2677, and 22.3304, respectively, which are an evaluation function in Table 4.
Time-domain and the frequency spectrum of IMF1∼ IMF3 each in adaptive stochastic resonance are shown in Figures 16∼18, respectively.
After adaptive stochastic resonance treatment, the fault frequencies of IMF1 and IMF2 are 170.7 Hz and 165.3 Hz which are greatly different from the theoretical value as shown in Figures 16(b) and 17(b).IMF3 is approximate to the characteristic frequency 173.25 Hz in Figure 18(b), but ambient noise has a large disturbance.From the above analysis, it can be known that even if we reduce the noise by EEMD and the stochastic resonance of each IMF component in the strong background noise, there is still a large deviation between the actual peak and the theoretical peak.The noise interference is still very serious.
In order to reduce noise further, statistical ensemble average on IMF1∼IMF3 is performed and the final result is shown in Figure 19.In Figure 19(b), the maximum spectral peak is 173.7 Hz (the theoretical value of the bearing inner race is 173.25 Hz) and is approximate to the fault characteristic frequency.Compared with Figures 14(b) and 19(b), we cannot see any fault characteristic frequency in Figure 14(b).Thus, the proposed method provides obvious advantages over the EEMD method in extracting weak characteristics from the signal with a  low signal-to-noise ratio.Moreover, the frequency spectra of IMF1, IMF2, and IMF3 each in adaptive stochastic resonance are shown in Figures 16(b), 17(b), and 18(b), respectively; the characteristic frequencies are not the best results.We can assume that the weak fault characteristics cannot also be obtained only by adaptive stochastic resonance.In other words, the proposed method is not only better than EEMD method but also superior to adaptive stochastic resonance.

Conclusions
In this article, the fault diagnosis methods based on sensitive IMFs selection of EEMD and adaptive stochastic resonance   are studied, carrying out simulation and bearing experiment, mainly yielding the following conclusions.
(1) A new method of sensitive IMFs selection of EEMD is proposed.WKIDS is constructed by cross-correlation coefficient and kurtosis index.In WKIDS sequence, the maximum point reflects the mutation between the effective IMFs and the useless IMFs.This method can adaptively select the effective IMFs and eliminate the subjectivity of artificial selection IMFs.
(2) Combining effective IMFs selection of EEMD and adaptive stochastic resonance of each effective IMF and ensemble average, the noise of the original signal is greatly reduced and the signal-to-noise ratio is increased.The proposed method detects the weak fault feature accurately and the effect is very obvious.
(3) In the simulation and experiment, compared with EEMD and adaptive stochastic resonance of each sensitive IMF, it is found that EEMD cannot detect the weak fault feature in highly noisy environments.The selected effective IMFs are fed into adaptive stochastic resonance, but the fault characteristic frequency in each enhanced IMF is still disturbed by the noise, and the fault frequency is not obvious.To reduce the noise further, all enhanced effective IMFs are ensemble-averaged.Finally, the weak fault characteristics hidden in the strong noise are extracted.After reducing the noise, adaptive stochastic resonance of the effective IMFs cannot effectively extract the fault, so we can conclude that stochastic resonance only can never detect weak fault characteristics.Hence, the proposed method is better than EEMD and adaptive stochastic resonance.

Figure 1 :
Figure 1: The potential function in different cases.

Figure 2 :
Figure 2: The flowchart of the proposed method.

Figure 6 :Figure 7 :
Figure 6: WKIDS of the inner race of the bearing: (a) kurtosis index; (b) weighted kurtosis index, cross-correlation coefficient, and difference spectrum.

Figure 15 :
Figure 15: WKIDS of the inner race of the bearing: (a) kurtosis index; (b) weighted kurtosis index, cross-correlation coefficient, and difference spectrum.

Figure 16 :
Figure 16: The enhanced result of IMF1 with an inner fault via adaptive stochastic resonance: (a) time-domain waveform; (b) frequency spectrum.

Figure 17 :Figure 18 :
Figure 17: The enhanced result of IMF2 with an inner fault via adaptive stochastic resonance: (a) time-domain waveform; (b) frequency spectrum.

Proposed Diagnosis Method Based on Sensitive IMFs Selection and Stochastic Resonance 3
[24]Selection of Sensitive IMFs.Kurtosis index is very sensitive to the fault characteristic in the strong background noise.Generally, kurtosis index is used for measuring the impulsive characteristics of the vibration signals.Kurtosis index formula is written as[24] reflects the biggest difference between the weighted kurtosis index properties.In other words, signals generate a mutation between the useful IMFs signals and the noise signals at   .Therefore, a method of selecting effective IMFs signals can be proposed.In the weighted kurtosis index sequence, the points before the mutation point including it,  weighted kurtosis index corresponds to useful IMFs.After the mutation point, the weighted kurtosis index corresponds to useless IMFs.In this sense, the  sensitive IMFs are selected by WKIDS.3.2.Adaptive Stochastic Resonance.Because the fault characteristics of mechanical equipment are hidden in strong background noise, a large amount of background noise greatly reduces the signal-to-noise ratio.Although  sensitive IMFs are selected by KWIDS method, it is difficult to extract the fault characteristics from them.
is named weighted kurtosis index difference spectrum (WKIDS).Difference spectrum is used for describing the changes of the adjacent weighted kurtosis index.When the difference between adjacent weighted kurtosis indexes is large relatively, there is a maximum mutation point   in the whole difference spectrum corresponding to the weighted kurtosis index sequence at .

Table 1 :
The difference spectrum of the simulation signal corresponding to IMFs.

Table 2 :
The optimal parameter combination of adaptive stochastic resonance of IMF1∼IMF4.

Table 3 :
Difference spectrum of the bearing inner race corresponding to IMFs.

Table 4 :
The optimal parameter combination of adaptive stochastic resonance of IMF1∼IMF3.