Shock and Vibration
Volume 2016 (2016), Article ID 4184726, 12 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4184726

Research Article

Design, Analysis, and Experimental Evaluation of a Double Coil Magnetorheological Fluid Damper

Guoliang Hu, Fengshuo Liu, Zheng Xie, and Ming Xu

School of Mechatronic Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, China

Received 25 May 2015; Revised 2 September 2015; Accepted 2 September 2015

Academic Editor: Rafał Burdzik

Copyright © 2016 Guoliang Hu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

A magnetorheological (MR) damper is one of the most advanced devices used in a semiactive control system to mitigate unwanted vibration because the damping force can be controlled by changing the viscosity of the internal magnetorheological (MR) fluids. This study proposes a typical double coil MR damper where the damping force and dynamic range were derived from a quasistatic model based on the Bingham model of MR fluid. A finite element model was built to study the performance of this double coil MR damper by investigating seven different piston configurations, including the numbers and shapes of their chamfered ends. The objective function of an optimization problem was proposed and then an optimization procedure was constructed using the ANSYS parametric design language (APDL) to obtain the optimal damping performance of a double coil MR damper. Furthermore, experimental tests were also carried out, and the effects of the same direction and reverse direction of the currents on the damping forces were also analyzed. The relevant results of this analysis can easily be extended to the design of other types of MR dampers.

1. Introduction

The rheological properties of a magnetorheological fluid (MRF) can be continuously changed within several milliseconds by applying or removing external magnetic fields. These unique features have led to the development of many MRF-based devices such as the MR damper, MR valve, MR brake, and MR clutch. Among them, the most popular MRF-based devices are MR dampers due to their long range controllable damping force, fast adjustable response, and low energy consumption [1–4]. Till now, the MR dampers have a huge applications in automotive industry including off-road vehicles [5–7], and they are also widely used in naval gun controlling [8, 9], field of landing gear [10, 11], prosthetic knees [12, 13], washing machines [14], high speed train suspension [15–17], seismic vibration control of different civil structures [18–20], and so on.

As well known that the performance of MR dampers significantly depended on the activating magnetic circuit, therefore the performance of MR dampers can be optimized by the optimal design of the activating magnetic circuit. Recently, some studies in the literature have focused on the geometric optimization of MR dampers. The results from these studies showed that damping performance of MR dampers can be significantly improved via optimal design of the magnetic circuit of the systems.

Yang et al. [21] presented an optimal design of a parallel disk valve mode MR damper with FEM method considering different structural parameters and different materials for the cylinder and cover of the MR damper, and the results show that both the material and the fluid gap are key factors for MR circuit. Zheng et al. [22] designed a novel MR damper with a multistage piston and independent input currents; the multiphysics of the novel MR damper was theoretically analysed and carried out, including electromagnetic, thermal dynamic, and flow mechanism. Zhang et al. [23] proposed the use of finite elements to improve the magnetic design of an MR damper. Khan et al. [24] used finite element software to simulate nine different configurations of the pistons for an MR damper and investigate how these configurations would affect and influence the maximum pressure drop. Ferdaus et al. [25] established 2D and 3D models of an MR damper that considered the shape of the piston, the MR fluid gap, the air gap, and the thickness of the damper’s housing. The analytical results show that the single coil MR damper with linear plastic air gap, top and bottom chamfered piston end, and medium MR fluid gap has better performance. Parlak et al. [26] presented a method for optimizing the design of the target damper force and maximum magnetic flux density of an MR damper; this new approach used an electromagnetic analysis of the magnetic field and a CFD analysis of MR flow together to obtain the optimal value of the design parameters. Nguyen and Choi [27] presented an optimal design of a passenger vehicle MR damper that was constrained in a specific cylindrical volume and an advanced objective function that collectively included the damping force, the dynamic range, and an inductive time constant. Parlak et al. [28] investigated the geometrical optimization of an MR shock damper using the Taguchi experimental design approach by specifying four parameters (gap, flange thickness, radius of piston core, and current excitation) and by selecting the maximum dynamic range required as the target value. Parlak et al. [29] also evaluated the optimal solutions of the MR damper for the maximum dynamic range and the maximum damper force separately using the Taguchi experimental design method. Goldasz and Sapinski [30] presented and verified a mathematical model of a monotube MR shock absorber with an emphasis on leakage flow mechanisms and their impact on the damping output. In the study, the authors considered the impact of high speed losses, fluid chamber compressibility, cavitations, elastic deformation of cylinder, fluid inertia, floating piston inertia, gas chamber pressure, and Coulomb friction between damper components and the cylinder to make the model more accurate.

As mentioned above, though the magnetic optimal design methods can decrease the cost and the manufacturing period and improve the performance of the MR dampers, many factors are needed to consider in developing MR dampers to obtain optimal designs, that is, how to find significant geometrical dimensions and configurations of MR dampers to obtain maximum output mechanical performance, such as damping force or dynamic range, which makes the problem very challenging when using conventional optimization methods.

In this study, a double coil MR damper with annular gap was developed and prototyped; the damping force and dynamic range were also derived. A finite element model was built to investigate the performance of the double coil MR damper by considering seven damper pistons with different configurations. An optimization procedure was then constructed with the ANSYS parametric design language (APDL) to obtain the optimal parameters of the double coil MR damper. Finally, a series of dynamic experimental tests, especially the effects of the same direction and reverse direction of the currents on the damping forces, were also carried out.

2. Design Considerations for the Double Coil MR Damper with Annular Gap

2.1. Principle of the Proposed Double Coil MR Damper

Figure 1 shows schematic configuration of the proposed double coil MR damper. There are three chambers in the damper cylinder; chamber I and chamber II are filled with MR fluid, and chamber III compensates for the changes in volume induced as the piston rod moves is filled with pressurized nitrogen gas. As the damper piston rod moves, the MR fluid flows through the annular gap between chamber I and chamber II. Moreover, there is a double coil of wire inside the piston head used for winding that is heat resistant and electrically insulated. When a direct current is applied to the double coil, a magnetic field occurs around the piston head. It is noted that the direction of the current applied onto the double coil can be the same or the reverse, which can enlarge the maximum damping force or the dynamic range to some extent.

Figure 1: Schematic configuration of the double coil MR damper with annular gap.

2.2. Magnetic Circuit and Control Model of the Double Coil MR Damper

Figure 2 shows the simplified magnetic circuit of the double coil MR damper with an annular gap at both ends of the flanges and in the middle of the flange, where the flux lines are perpendicular to the flow direction and generate a field-dependent resistance to the fluid flow. The double coil MR damper is shaped to guide the magnetic flux axially through the damper cylinder, across the length of the flange of piston head and the gap at one end and then through the flux return and across the gap and the flange of piston head at the opposite end. The volume of fluid through which the magnetic field passes is defined as an active volume, and the MR effects only occur within the active volume. The most effective MR dampers have a high magnetic flux density passing through a large active volume, but a lot of magnetic coils are needed to produce large magnetic fields. An optimized circuit would maintain a balance between the field produced and the power required by the magnetic coils.

Figure 2: Simplified magnetic circuit of the double coil MR damper.

When currents and were applied on coil 1 and coil 2, respectively, the magnetic flux density will be produced in the resistance gaps between the inner damper cylinder and the outer piston head according to the electromagnetic induction principle. The viscosity of the MR fluid in the resistance gaps will increase with the increase of the magnetic flux density. So, the damping force will be generated too. Due to the double coil design of the MR damper, the damping force can be controlled within a wide range through regulating the values and directions of the currents that applied on the double coil.

Some of the important dimensions of the double coil MR damper are also listed in Figure 2. Damper geometry is characterized by the length of the piston head , the length of the end flange , the length of the middle flange , the length of the coil winding , the thickness of the damper cylinder , the width of the resistance gap , the outer radius of the damper cylinder , the internal radius of the piston core , and the width of the coil winding .

The total damping force generated by the double coil MR damper consists of three components: the field-dependent force due to the magnetic field, the viscous force due to the viscous effects, and the frictional force :

where

where is the cross-sectional area of the piston head and is the plastic viscosity. is the flow rate through the double coil MR damper, and it can be calculated from the piston velocity (). and are the yield stresses of the MR fluid in the end flange and middle flange, respectively. and are coefficients which depended on the flow velocity profile and have a value ranging from a minimum value of 2.07 to a maximum value of 3.07. The coefficients and can be approximately estimated as follows:

As shown in (1), the first term is called the controllable force because it varies with the applied field, whereas the sum of the latter two terms is referred to as the uncontrollable force because they generate a constant force according to the velocity of the damper piston.

The dynamic range is defined as the ratio of the total damping force to the uncontrollable force, and it is given by

Here, the dynamic range was introduced to evaluate the performance of the double coil MR damper. Normally, it is better to keep the dynamic range as large as possible to maximise the effectiveness of the MR damper. The dynamic range is proportional to the shear force and is a function of the size of the gap. The width of the annular gap is inversely proportional to the controllable force, so a small gap width will increase the range of the controllable force, but when the gap is less than 0.5 mm, the viscous force is much faster than the controllable force ; this reduces the dynamic range. Again when the gap becomes wider, both and fall, so finding an optimal width gap that maximises the dynamic range is very important. Moreover, parameters such as the length of the flange and , the radius of the piston head , the yield stress and , the thickness of the damper cylinder , and the internal radius of the piston core will also play an important role in searching for the optimal design.

3. Modeling and Optimal Design of Double Coil MR Damper Using Finite Element Method

The magnetic field in an MR damper is produced by an electromagnet. Here in the ANSYS simulation model the excitation coil is considered to be the electromagnet, and the magnetic field provided by this excitation coil is needed to energize the MR fluid. By varying the current through the excitation coil, the magnetic flux density can be varied and the MR fluid is energized accordingly.

3.1. Magnetic Properties of MR Fluid and Steel Used in the Double Coil MR Damper

The MR fluid with type of MRF-J01T provided by the Chongqing Instrument Material Research Institute in China was used in the following simulations and experiments. Table 1 summarizes the performance index of the MR fluid, and its field-dependent properties are shown in Figure 3.

Table 1: Performanceindex of MR fluid with MRF-J01T.

Project
Parameters

Mass density
2.65 g/cm³

Viscosity without magnetic field (/s, 20°C)
0.8 Pa·s

Shearstress (5000 Gs)
>50 KPa

Operational temperature range
−40~130°C

(a) Relationship of and

(b) Relationship of and

Figure 3: Specification of the MR fluid type MRF-J01T.

By observing Figure 3(a), the dynamic yield stress of the MR fluid in the annular resistance gap can be approximated by

where , , , and are polynomial coefficients that are determined by the least-squares fitting of the dynamic yield stress data as a function of magnetic flux density; here  kPa,  kPa/T,  kPa/T², and  kPa/T³.

Figure 4 shows the relationship between the magnetic flux density and the magnetic field intensity of the steel material (number 10) used in the damper cylinder and piston head, respectively.

Figure 4: - curve of steel material (number 10).

3.2. Modeling of Double Coil MR Damper Considering Different Piston Configurations

To investigate how the shape of the damper piston affects the performance of double coil MR damper, seven models with different shaped pistons were designed, as shown in Figure 5. Model 1 piston was defined as having a plain end, Model 2 piston was defined as having each end of the piston chamfered, Model 3 piston was defined as having a radius on each end, Model 4 piston was defined as having chamfers on the top, at the bottom, and in the middle, Model 5 piston was defined as having a radius on the top, at the bottom, and in the middle, Model 6 piston was defined as having both ends chamfered, and Model 7 piston was defined as having a radius on every edge.

(a) Model 1

(b) Model 2

(c) Model 3

(d) Model 4

(e) Model 5

(f) Model 6

(g) Model 7

Figure 5: Simulation models with different piston shapes.

Table 2 and Figure 6 show the results of the magnetic flux densities between the seven different models when the applied current varies from 0.1 A to 1.0 A. Here the magnetic flux densities decreased with the number of chamfers on the damper piston, the maximum density of magnetic flux appeared in Model 1, which means that this piston had the optimal geometrical shape. Moreover, the magnetic flux density in the model with a radius was greater than the chamfered model; the reason can be found in Figure 7 which shows that the distribution of magnetic flux lines along the resistance gap in Model 1 was more even than that in Models 6 and 7. The damper piston with chamfers had larger reluctances at its core because the core was larger and the cross-sectional area through which the magnetic flux passed decreased, which in turn caused the magnetic flux densities in the fluid resistance gap to decrease as well.

Table 2: Magnetic flux density comparison among different models.

Current ()
for Model 1
for Model 2
for Model 3
for Model 4
for Model 5
for Model 6
for Model 7

0.1
0.072
0.070
0.071
0.066
0.069
0.063
0.066

0.2
0.145
0.140
0.142
0.132
0.137
0.124
0.132

0.3
0.212
0.204
0.208
0.193
0.200
0.182
0.193

0.4
0.273
0.264
0.268
0.250
0.259
0.234
0.249

0.5
0.331
0.319
0.325
0.302
0.313
0.284
0.302

0.6
0.382
0.370
0.375
0.350
0.363
0.330
0.351

0.7
0.428
0.414
0.421
0.394
0.408
0.373
0.395

0.8
0.471
0.456
0.464
0.434
0.450
0.412
0.436

0.9
0.510
0.495
0.502
0.473
0.489
0.448
0.475

1.0
0.543
0.529
0.536
0.508
0.524
0.483
0.511

Figure 6: Magnetic flux density of different models.

(a) Model 1

(b) Model 6

(c) Model 7

Figure 7: Distributions of magnetic flux lines of different models.

Figure 8 shows the dynamic range of the proposed MR damper under different piston configurations when the applied current varied from 0.1 A to 1.0 A. Here the dynamic range decreased as the number of chamfers on the pistons increased, and so too did the damping performance. Moreover, the dynamic range in the model with a radius on the edges was greater than the model with chamfered edges. When the current varied from 0.1 A to 1.0 A, the damping force steadily increased and then stabilised when the current was close to 1.0 A due to the magnetic saturation of MRF in the resistance gap. From Figure 6 to Figure 8, Model 1 with square ends had the maximum value under different currents, while the damping force and dynamic range was also better in Model 1 than in the other models. So, Model 1 with the piston with square ends was selected as the optimal geometry for the proposed MR damper.

Figure 8: Dynamic range of MR damper under different currents.

3.3. Optimal Design of Double Coil MR Damper

After determining the optimal configuration of the damper piston, the FEM using the ANSYS parametric design language (APDL) tool is used to obtain the optimal geometric dimensions of the MR damper. For vehicle suspension design, the ride comfort and the suspension travel are the two conflicting performance indices. In order to reduce the suspension travel, a high damping force is required, while considering the ride comfort, a low damping force is expected, and thus a large dynamic range is required. Considering these effects, the objective function used in the optimization can be defined as

where , , and are the referenced field-dependent damping force, dynamic range, and magnetic flux density, respectively; , , and are the weighting factors for the field-dependent damping force, dynamic range, and magnetic flux density, respectively; and the sum of , , and is 1. However, the values of these weighting factors are chosen depending on each specific suspension system. For uneven or unpaved road, a large damping force is required. Thus, large values of and are chosen. On the other hand, a large value of is used in the design of suspension systems for flat roads.

In order to find the optimal solution of the double coil MR damper, an analysis log file for solving the magnetic circuit of the damper and calculating the objective function is built. In the analysis log file, the resistance length of the end flange and the internal radius of damper core are selected as the design variables (DVs), and initial values were assigned to them, respectively. The procedures to achieve the optimal design parameters using the first-order method are shown in Figure 9. Starting with initial values of the DVs, the magnetic flux density, damping force, and dynamic range are calculated by executing the log file. The ANSYS optimization tool then transforms the optimization problem with constrained DVs to an unconstrained one via penalty functions. The dimensionless, unconstrained objective function is denoted as

where OBJ₀ is the reference objective function value that is selected from the current group of design sets. is the exterior penalty function for the design variable . For the initial iteration , the search direction of DVs is assumed to be the negative of the gradient of the unconstrained objective function, and a combination of a golden-section algorithm and local quadratic fitting techniques are used to calculate new values of DVs. If convergence occurs, the values of the DVs at this iteration are the optimum. If not, subsequent iterations will be performed. In the subsequent iterations, the procedures are similar to those of the initial iteration except that the direction vectors are calculated according to the Polak-Ribiere recursion formula [27]. Thus, each iteration is composed of a number of subiterations that include search direction and gradient computations.

Figure 9: Flow chart for optimal design of the double coil MR damper.

Figures 10 and 11 show the results of magnetic flux density and damping force between the initial design and optimal design, respectively. It is obviously seen that the magnetic flux density and the damping force with an optimal design were greater than the initial design, although the difference between both of them improved significantly when the applied current exceeded 0.5 A.

Figure 10: Comparison of magnetic flux density between initial design and optimal design.

Figure 11: Comparison of damping force between initial design and optimal design.

4. Experimental Evaluation of Double Coil MR Damper

4.1. Prototyping of the Double Coil MR Damper and the Test Rig Setup

Figure 12 is the prototype of the proposed double coil MR damper. Here, the damper piston with square ends was manufactured for the piston head. And Table 3 lists some parameters of the damper.

Table 3: Physical dimensions of the proposed double coil MR damper.

Parameters
Symbol
Initial value (mm)
Optimal value (mm)

Total length of damper cylinder

235
235

Maximum stroke of the damper

40
40

Resistance gap

1
1

Outer radius of damper cylinder

30
31

Internal radius of the piston core

13
14

Length of the piston head

80
80

Thickness of the damper cylinder

8
8

Length of the end flange

10
11

Length of the middle flange

20
22

Length of the coil winding

20
18

Width of the coil winding

9
8

(a) Parts

(b) Assembly

Figure 12: Prototype of the proposed double coil MR damper.

Figure 13 shows the test rig for the damping performance of the proposed double coil MR damper. The INSTRON 8801 test machine was used to supply the external frequency and displacement amplitude; and two power supplies were adopted to supply currents on coil 1 and coil 2, respectively; the control monitor was used to display and save the data of the damping forces.

Figure 13: Experimental test rig for the double coil MR damper.

4.2. Damping Force under the Same Direction Currents Applied on the Double Coil

Figure 14 shows the damping force of the double coil MR damper under the different displacement amplitudes and different currents with the same direction. Here, the test machine was set at a sinusoidal loading with a frequency of 0.5 Hz and displacement amplitude of 2.5 mm and 5.0 mm, respectively. It can be seen that the viscous damping force equals about 100 N when the applied currents and are zero, and the maximum damping force can reach 220 N when the applied currents and are 0.25 A. In addition, the damping force with displacement amplitude of 5.0 mm is greater than that of 2.5 mm, and the damping force increases to 50 N, which denotes that the viscous damping force is affected by the displacement amplitude.

Figure 14: Damping force under different currents and different displacements.

Figure 15 shows the damping force of the double coil MR damper under the different loading frequencies and different displacement amplitudes. Here, the test machine was set at a sinusoidal loading with a frequency of 0.5 Hz and 1.0 Hz, respectively; and displacement amplitudes of 2.5 mm, 5.0 mm, and 7.5 mm were also loaded separately. Meanwhile, the applied currents and in the double coil were applied in the same direction, and the value is 0.5 A. As shown in the figure, the greater the loading frequency is, the bigger the damping force is under the same displacement amplitude. Furthermore, the greater the displacement amplitude is, the bigger the damping force is under the same loading frequency.

Figure 15: Damping force under different frequencies and different displacements.

4.3. Damping Force under the Reverse Direction Currents Applied on the Double Coil

Figure 16 shows the damping force under different amplitude displacements from 2.5 mm to 7.5 mm. Here, the test machine was set at a sinusoidal loading with a frequency of 1.0 Hz, and the applied currents and in the double coils were applied the reverse direction with a value of 0.7 A. Observing Figure 16, the damping force increased with the increasing of the displacement amplitude, and the maximum damping force reaches 0.7 KN at the displacement amplitude of 7.5 mm.

Figure 16: Damping force under different displacements.

Figure 17 shows the damping force under the applied current changed from 0 A to 1.0 A. Here, the test machine was set at a sinusoidal loading with displacement amplitude of 10 mm and a frequency of 1.0 Hz, while the applied currents and in the double coils were applied in the reverse direction. As expected, the damping force increased from 0.33 KN at 0 A to 1.21 KN at 1.0 A, and the dynamic range nearly equals 4.

Figure 17: Damping force under different applied currents.

Figure 18 shows the comparison of simulation results and experimental results of the damping force at the applied current of 1.0 A. It can be seen that the maximum simulated damping force is about 4.0 KN, while the maximum experimental damping force is only 1.21 KN. The deviation is a little big though the trend is the same. The reason may be the thickening effect of the used MR fluid, while the Bingham fluid model used in the simulations did not consider this effect. Another possible reason may be the enhanced yield stress phenomenon process which occurs when several single chain structures of magnetic particles join together and form a thick column, which make the saturated yield stress value in the simulation bigger than the experimental conditions [31, 32].

Figure 18: Comparison of simulated damping force and experimental damping force at the applied current of 1.0 A.

Figure 19 shows the change in the damping force under different displacement amplitudes and applied current directions. Here, the test machine was set at sinusoidal loading with a frequency of 0.5 Hz and displacement amplitude of 5.0 mm and 7.5 mm, respectively. The applied currents and in the double coils were set to 0.5 A with the same direction and reverse direction, respectively. The figure shows that the damping forces with the currents in a reverse direction were much greater than those currents in the same direction. Moreover, the damping force increased as the displacement amplitude increased because the increased velocity of the damper led to an increase in the viscous damping force in (2), so the damping force also increased too.

Figure 19: Damping forces under different displacements and different current directions.

4.4. Damping Force under Current Applied on One of the Coils

Figure 20 shows the change of the damping force under the varied applied current and the fixed applied current , and Figure 21 shows the change of the damping force under the varied applied current and the fixed applied current . Here, the test machine was set at a sinusoidal loading with amplitude displacement of 10 mm and a frequency of 1.0 Hz. As shown in both figures, the damping force increased with the increase of the applied currents and , respectively, though the other exciting coil’s applied current was fixed. Furthermore, the damping force under the fixed current equals that under the fixed current when the total applied current is of the same value.

Figure 20: Damping force under different currents in the double coil ( A).

Figure 21: Damping force under different currents in the double coil ( A).

5. Conclusions

A double coil MR damper with annular gap was proposed; the damping force and dynamic range were also derived. A finite element model was built to investigate the performance of the proposed double coil MR damper while considering pistons with different configurations; the simulation results showed that the piston with square ends had a better damping performance. Meanwhile, an optimization procedure was constructed to obtain the optimal damping performance of the double coil MR damper. Further, an experimental analysis was also carried out to verify the damping performance of the proposed double coil MR damper.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

This research was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (nos. 51475165, 51165005, and 11462004) and the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province of China (no. 20151BAB206035).

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