A Semianalytical Three-Dimensional Elasticity Solution for Vibrations of Orthotropic Plates with Arbitrary Boundary Conditions

A semianalytical three-dimensional (3D) elasticity solution for the vibration of the orthotropic plate is presented under arbitrary boundary conditions. 'ree-dimensional (3D) elasticity theory provides the theoretical support for the energy function of orthotropic plates. 'e orthotropic plates which have the arbitrary boundary condition are realized by the way of arranging three sets of linear springs at the edges. With the aim of eliminating the nonsmooth phenomenon at the edges, the admissible displacement function of an orthotropic plate is expressed with amodified Fourier series solution. Under this framework, a change that occurs on the boundary conditions only needs to modify the boundary parameters of the orthotropic plate, without the need for new derivation, thus greatly saving the modeling time. 'e convergence and accuracy of the proposed method are better than those of the published literature. Lastly, the new vibration results and parametric research of thick orthotropic plates as well as the geometric parameter are also presented.


Introduction
As a basic building block, the orthotropic plates have been recognized and widely used by experts in various fields such as aerospace, architecture, shipbuilding, and other industries because of their good orthotropic mechanical properties such as strength to weight and high ratio of stiffness. In the above engineering applications, orthotropic rectangular plates as foundation components usually receive unknown loads. us, an intensive analysis about the vibration characteristics of the orthotropic rectangular plates has a beneficial effect on structural designers to carry out preliminary engineering design work. Compared with traditional isotropic materials, the vibration characteristics of orthotropic materials may be more complicated because of the material anisotropy. Traditional analytical and semianalytical numerical methods were used to solve the sandwich plate, laminated composite, and multilayered plates or functionally graded material plates with simply supported or clamped boundary conditions [1][2][3]. erefore, it is very urgent and necessary to develop a method to handle the orthotropic plates under the conditions of arbitrary boundary.
Up to now, characteristic of vibration about the orthotropic rectangular plate has attracted much attention and has achieved fruitful results. According to two variable refined plate theories, ai and Kim [4][5][6] proposed a Levy-type solution for free vibration and bucking analysis of orthotropic plates having two opposite edges simply supported and the other two edges having arbitrary classical boundary conditions simultaneously. Sepahvand et al. [7] concluded a new plate theory about a study of the orthotropic plate under the condition of stochastic-free vibration with a method of generalized polynomial chaotic expansion. And an analytical homogenization model for torsion of orthotropic sandwich panels was proposed by Abbès and Guo [8]. Ghugal and Sayyad [9] proposed a concept of triangular shear deformation of the thick orthotropic plate to study the free vibration of this plate under classical boundary conditions. e vibration mechanism of orthotropic plates on nonlinear elastic foundations is given by Hsu [10] through the differential quadrature method. Bahmyari and Rahbar-Ranji [11] researched the thickness variation of a rectangular orthotropic plate on the nonuniform elastic foundation in one or two directions in the way of applying the meshless Galerkin method. In view of the classical plate theory (CPT), Valizadeh et al. [12] developed the isogeometric analysis to research buckling and free and forced vibration analyses to research orthotropic plates under the conditions of classical boundary. On the basis separation of the variables method, Xing and Xu [13] calculated the exact solution when the rectangular thin plates with orthotropic properties are free to vibrate and apply them to various classical boundary conditions. It was precise because of the rational use of the mixed first-order shear deformation plate theory that Zenkour [14] studied on the bending response about the simply supported orthotropic plate. Bakhadda and his coworkers [15][16][17][18] studied the free vibration, bending response, dynamic response of composite plates, and FGM plates by various valuable shear deformation theories. Papkov and Banerjee [19] proposed a new solution, which aims to solve the free vibration and buckling analysis of orthotropic rectangular plates under the different classical boundary conditions. And the characteristics of the orthotropic rectangular plate under free vibration are studied by Liu et al. [20]; in particular, the plates undergo free vibration in one or two directions.
rough the Rayleigh-Ritz procedure, Shi et al. [21] studied a special plane vibration analysis and the special point is that the elastic boundary constraints of the orthotropic rectangular plates are nonuniform as well as internally supported. An effective hybrid method proposed by Jafari and Eftekhari [22] is suitable for the free vibration and buckling analysis about the orthotropic rectangular plate under various classical boundary conditions. Liu et al. [23,24] proposed an accurate closedform solution regarding orthotropic rectangular Mindlin plates to solve the free vibration problem under some classical boundary conditions. Chang and Tarn [25] researched the 3D analysis associated with orthotropic rectangular plates which supported external loads from the top and bottom surfaces by using the state space approach. In the aspect of 3D analysis, Teo and Liew [26] found that a method called differential quadrature (DQ) can effectively analyze rectangular orthotropic plates which have the boundary conditions of SSSS, SCCC, CSSS, and CCCC. Tian et al. [27,28] proposed a new higher order analysis model for sandwich and FGM plates with flexible core and obtained the fundamental frequencies and static bending under sinusoidal and uniformly distributed loads. A semianalytical method is employed to analyze free vibration behaviors of composite laminated doubly curved, cylindrical, and spherical shells by Li et al. [29][30][31]. Abdelaziz and his coworkers [32][33][34] analyzed free vibration, bending, buckling, and postbuckling of FGM sandwich plates and nanobeams with various boundary conditions by various shear deformation theories. Cui et al. [35] investigated energy absorption of double layered and Sandwich plates under ballistic impact via experiment and numerical simulation. Liu et al. [36] assessed the material strain rate effects on steel plates under lateral impact loads. e above results have been clearly described. It does not have trouble in finding that most of the current research results are confined to thin orthotropic plates and moderately thick orthotropic plates. In their research, they are based on the two-dimensional (2D) elasticity theory. From existing literature and materials, we can see that twodimensional elasticity theories are based on assumptions. However, due to the existence of the assumption, the computation results are not credible at high modes. Based on this background, the three-dimensional theory is developed. And its results are generally accepted by researchers and used as contrastive data for reference in twodimensional elasticity theory. However, for the greatest knowledge of the author, only two papers are currently committed to research the 3D vibration analysis of thick orthotropic plates that the conditions are constrained within the classical boundary.
A 3D vibration analysis of thick orthotropic plates under the general boundary condition is firstly performed in this paper. e theoretical formula is obtained by using this three-dimensional elastic theory. e arbitrary boundary conditions of the orthotropic plates are achieved through arranging three sets of linear springs at the edges. No matter how the boundary conditions are, the admissible displacement function of a thick orthotropic plate is uniformly expressed with improved Fourier series. Under this framework, when the boundary conditions of the orthotropic plates change, only the boundary parameters need to be modified, without the need for new derivation, thus greatly saving the modeling time. On this foundation, the astringency and exactitude of existing methods were verified by contrasting the results of existing literature and data. Not limited to this, some new numerical results are further displayed as reference data for future data validation. Figure 1 shows a thick orthotropic plate under the conditions of general boundary. e coordinate system (x, y, z) of the thick orthotropic plate is located at the bottom. a, b, and h represent length, width, and height successively. e symbols u, v, and w, respectively, represent displacement components in the length, width, and thickness directions. As shows in Figure 1(b), three kinds of linear springs, i.e., linear elastic k u in the direction of length, linear elastic k v in the direction of width, and linear elastic k w in the direction of thickness, are uniformly arranged at the structural boundaries. By simply setting the stiffness coefficient, the real boundary force can be simulated and the equivalent ideal boundary condition is available. Each boundary spring stiffness values are set to infinity (k u � k v � k w � 10 16 ); for instance, it becomes very easy to obtain clamped boundary conditions.

Energy Expression of ick Orthotropic Plates.
On account of the 3D elastic theory, the linear strain-displacement regulations of thick orthotropic plates are given as follows: (1) e stress of a thick orthotropic plates constrained by linear elastic theory can be defined as follows: where stiffness coefficients C ij are obtained as below: It must be emphasized here that when the above material parameters are simplified to isotropic materials, a thick isotropic plate can be obtained directly, and their stiffness coefficients can be simplified as follows: Shock and Vibration 3 Next, the U representing the strain energy of the thick orthotropic plates which is based on the elastic theory is as follows: e T representing kinetic energy [37] about thick orthotropic plates is as follows: Boundary conditions are efficiently simulated by artificial spring boundary technology. e actual operation is based on the introduction of three types of springs at the boundary to correspond to the actual boundary forces. erefore, U sp representing the potential energy which is located in the boundary spring can be expressed as follows: e Lagrangian function of the thick orthotropic plates obtained from the above expression is expressed as follows:

Admissible Displacement Functions.
e main task of this chapter is to establish admissible displacement function of the thick plate displacement when using the Ritz method. According to the previous research, it is easy to find that the traditional displacement function has some shortcomings. erefore, in this paper, we will make use of the modified Fourier series proposed by the author before. e principle and mathematical analysis process of the modified Fourier series solution are included in [38][39][40][41]. erefore, on the basis of the improved series solution principle and the motion equation, the displacement tolerance function of the thick orthotropic plate is uniformly described as a periodic function: where U Ω , V Ω , and W Ω are representative of the internal displacement distribution function about the thick orthotropic plate and U S q , V S q , and W S q represent the complementary sequences of the displacement on the boundaries of the thick orthotropic plates. And the three 3D Fourier coefficients vector are A mnq , B mnq , and C mnq , respectively. e following formulas represent the specific elements of each vector symbol:

Shock and Vibration
(10k) Shock and Vibration

Solution Procedure.
With the aim of extending Ritz method to the partial differential operation of the unknown coefficients about above displacement functions, the kinetic energy as described below can be obtained by the way of replacing equations (9a)-(9c) with the kinetic energy (T) function: In addition, by substituting equations (9a)-(9c) into an expression about strain energy, the following kinetic energy can be obtained: Substituting equation (7) for equations (9a)-(9c) under the same processing form can be obtained: 6 Shock and Vibration   e Lagrangian equation [31] L of the vibration of the thick orthotropic plate structure can be obtained in the light of the above expression, and the equation is expressed in the following manner: In addition, equations (11)-(13) are substituted into equation (14), and then the Lagrangian equations are partially deduced to zero according to the sealed Fourier coefficient vector, and its expression is as follows:       Figure 5: (a) Test system; (b) test model.            16 Shock and Vibration e matrix form can also be used to describe the equation: where K and M indicate the stiffness matrices and mass matrices of the FGP annular and sector plate. And X is the sealed Fourier coefficient vector that is described as P � A mnl B mnl C mnl T . e two important parameters natural frequency and associated mode shape about thick orthotropic plates are acquired by the generalized eigenvalues of equation (16).

Numerical Results and Discussion
A series of numerical studies are carried out in this section, mainly including the following contents: (a) firstly, the convergence of this method is studied, the correctness is verified, and the definition of boundary conditions is studied; (b) secondly, accuracy of the method is validated by comparing with the relevant literature and datum; and (c) on this basis, the vibration performance of thick orthotropic plates which have arbitrary boundary conditions is further researched. In identifying the boundary conditions, these three symbols F, C, and S represent three boundary conditions, namely, free, clamping, and simple supported boundary conditions. And all the calculation codes are based on the MATLAB 8.2 platform. In addition, if no special declaration is made, the frequency dimensionless formula is defined as Ω � ω ������ � ρh 2 /C 11 .

Convergence and Stiffness Value Study.
As we expected, as an excellent numerical method, it depends on its convergence and numerical constancy. However, it is found that the convergence and numerical constancy of proposed solution depend on the truncation number of admissible displacement functions (equations (10a)-(10k)). erefore, it is important to research the convergence property and numerical constancy about these admissible displacements functions (equations (10a)-(10k)). e convergence of frequency parameters Ω about the orthotropic plate, which own different censoring numbers, is plotted in Table 1. ree kinds of thickness, i.e., h/a � 0.1 (thin plate), h/a � 0.3 (moderately thick plate), and h/a � 0.5 (thick plate), and seven types of truncated number, i.e., M * N * Q � 4 * 4 * 4, 5 * 5 * 5, 6 * 6 * 6, 7 * 7 * 7, 8 * 8 * 8, 9 * 9 * 9, and 10 * 10 * 10, are examined in this table. e material property of this table is the aragonite crystal, and the specific material information is as follows: C 22 /C 11 � 0.543103, C 12 / C 11 � 0.23319, C 33 /C 11 � 0.530172, C 13 /C 11 � 0.010776, C 23 / C 11 � 0.098276, C 66 /C 11 � 0.262931, C 55 /C 11 � 0.159914, and C 44 /C 11 � 0.26681. e information in the table is available that no matter how thick the plate is, its natural frequency tends to stabilize rapidly when the number of truncation M * N * Q increases. Especially when the truncated number value is more than 7 * 7 * 7, the calculation result can keep the 4 digit effective number unchanged. erefore, at this point, we can think that the calculation results have stabilized steadily. And the M * N * Q representing truncated values of the revised sequence under the continuation of numerical examples is defined as M * N * Q � 8 * 8 * 8.
In this paper, we aim to establish an analytical model for vibration of orthotropic plates under the conditions of the arbitrary boundary by the method of arranging three kinds of linear springs at the edges. In addition, the simulation of the clamped boundary conditions is to set the spring stiffness value to infinity, and in practical cases, numerical instability will occur when the stiffness value is set to infinity due to the limitation of computational resources. erefore, we must use a finite value to replace the infinite stiffness value.
us, the vibration performances on orthotropic plates are affected with the elastic boundary. Frequency parameters Ω of the elastically constrained orthotropic plate are summarized in Tables 2-4. ree elastic boundary conditions are defined in the following ways: (1) elastically restrained in the x direction (Table 2), k v x0 � k w x0 � 0, k u x0 � 10 2 ∼ 10 18 ; (2) elastically restrained in the y direction (Table 3), k u x0 � k w x0 � 0, k v x0 � 10 2 ∼ 10 18 ; and (3) elastically restrained in the z direction (Table 4), k u x0 � k v x0 � 0, k w x0 � 10 2 ∼ 10 18 . To simplify the research, the y � constant boundary is a free boundary, one end of orthotropic plates (x � a) is a clamped boundary condition, and the other edge x � 0 is elastically constrained. rough the comparison of three tabular data, the results show that the k w x0 parameters have the greatest effect with the vibration behavior of orthotropic plates, followed by k u x0 and finally the k v x0 parameter. is phenomenon can also be found directly from the modal shapes in Figures 2-4. Based on the above research, we further define three conditions with the classical boundary and four conditions of the elastic boundary in the following example, and the detailed spring stiffness coefficient is shown in Table 5.

Vibration Analysis of
ick Orthotropic Plates with Various Boundary Conditions. As mentioned before, there are relatively few studies on this topic. erefore, in order to dig deeper into the details of the research content, the author will further carry out the study of vibration analysis with these thick orthotropic plates of various boundary conditions. e numerical results of a thick plate with different boundary conditions compared with published literature [26] are shown in Table 6. It can be easy to find that the maximum error between the present method and literature data is no more than 0.15%. So, it can be concluded that the present method is accurate to solve the vibration behaviors of thick plates with various boundary conditions. e free vibration experiments of the isotropic plate structure was carried out to verify the feasibility of the present method, and the material properties are chosen as E � 210 GPa, ρ � 7850 kg/m3, μ � 0.3, a � b � 1.2 m, and h � 0.008 m. e test was carried out by loading on multiple excitation points; meanwhile, the responding signals were collected from a single point. e comparison of natural frequencies which are obtained by the present method, experiment, and FEM for the isotropic plate is shown in Table 7. It is easy to find that the results achieved by three different approaches are almost infallible, and the maximum error is less than 2%. Figure 5 exhibits the test system and model. In order to better understand the vibration characteristics of the isotropic plate, the first three mode shapes obtained by experiment are shown in Figure 6. It can be concluded that the presented method can solve the vibration behaviors of isotropic plates.
Tables 8-10 provide frequency parameters Ω belonging to the first eight bits of the orthotropic plate under different boundary conditions, and these different boundary conditions mentioned above include four kinds of classical boundary conditions and four groups of elastic boundary conditions. In this above table, the material parameters and aspect ratios a/b � 1 of the orthotropic plate are consistent with those in Table 1 and the thickness ratios are h/a � 0.3 (Table 8), h/a � 0.6 (Table 9), and h/a � 1 (Table 10), respectively. As can be seen from the table above, frequency parameters Ω obtained under the boundary conditions of CCCC are the largest, while the frequency parameter obtained under the E4E4E4E4 boundary condition is the smallest. erefore, it is reflected that the increase of boundary stiffness of the orthotropic plate will result in the increase of frequency parameters. For the sake of better show the advantages of this method, Figures 7-9 provide threedimensional modal shapes with the orthotropic plate under different boundary conditions. Unlike other methods, only two-dimensional modal shapes can be drawn, so the vibration characteristics of the orthotropic plate can be more clearly displayed. Lastly, the influence of aspect ratio b/a and thickness ratio h/a is also reported. e change regulation about nondimensional frequency parameter Ω of the orthotropic rectangular plates under the different aspect ratio b/a is shown in Figure 10. ere are four sets of boundary conditions CCCC, CFCF, E2E2E2E2, and E4E4E4E4 which are used in this example. From these pictures, it can be clearly detected that the frequency parameters of orthotropic rectangular plates gradually decrease as the increase of aspect ratio a/ b, and it need to be noticed that the frequency parameters almost remain unchanged when the aspect ratio increases to a critical aspect ratio. Moreover, it is found that the critical aspect ratio is directly related to the boundary conditions. Figure 11 shows the relation between the nondimensional frequency parameter Ω and the thickness ratio h/a of orthotropic rectangular plates. From this diagram, it becomes apparent that the frequency parameters on orthotropic rectangular plates rise monotonously with the raise of thickness ratio h/a, regardless of the boundary conditions or modal order. Finally, the influence of material properties on structural vibration characteristics is carried out. Figure 12 shows the histogram of the variation of the first three modes frequency parameters of the structure with different orthogonal stiffness ratios E11/E22 under different boundary conditions. e material parameters are defined as follows: E y � E z � 8.963 GPa, E x /E y � 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40; G xy � 6.205 GPa, G xz � 7.101 GPa, and G yz � 6.205 GPa; μ xy � 0.3, μ yz � 0.49, and μ xz � 0.3; and ρ � 1605 kg/m 3 . e geometric parameters are defined as follows: a � b � 1 m and h � 0.5 m. It can be clearly found from Figure 12 that the frequency parameters of the structure always increase with the increase of the orthotropic stiffness value no matter what the boundary conditions of the structure are, and the trend is more obvious at the stage of smaller stiffness.
rough the above discussion and study, it is easy to discover that the vibration behavior of the orthotropic rectangular plates is related to both geometric parameters and boundary conditions.

Conclusions
is paper analyzed the free vibration of orthotropic plates under arbitrary boundary conditions by semianalytical three-dimensional elastic solution. And 3D elastic theory is adopted to achieve the energy functional of orthotropic plates. e real boundary conditions of orthotropic plates are simulated by uniformly arranging three groups of linear springs on the edges of plates. e admissible displacement functions of orthotropic plates are consistently expanded as a modified Fourier series that it is based on 3D Fourier cosine series and auxiliary function. Under this framework, when the boundary conditions of the orthotropic plates change, just only the boundary parameters need to be modified and do not need a new derivation, thus greatly saving the modeling time. e astringency, accuracy, and constancy of the method of this paper are validated by means of series of numerical examples. Moreover, some new results and parameters of orthotropic plates under different boundary conditions, thickness ratios, and aspect ratios are also presented which can be used as a benchmark to help subsequent scholars engage in such research. At the same time, the results of this paper can be used as reference data for future researches in this field.

Data Availability
e data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Conflicts of Interest
e authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.