Vibration Failure Analysis and Countermeasures of the Inlet Pipelines at a Gas Compressor Station

A gas compressor station only had its about 35% design processing capacity as a result of the abnormal piping vibrations on the inlet pipelines. Characterization, diagnostics, analysis, and elimination of piping vibration were performed. ,e root causes and sources of the abnormal vibration were investigated by on-site measurements and analysis of vibration and pulsation under various load conditions of compressors.,e results revealed that it was not mechanical resonance, but the high pressure pulsation and acoustic resonance occurred on the inlet pipelines, which resulted in the severe vibration.,ree different modificationmodels against vibration were proposed by shortening the length of the pipe to avoid acoustic resonance, enlarging the volume of the gathering manifold to buffer pressure pulsation, and adding supports to increase the stiffness. A better modification model was applied by performing modal analysis and fluid-structure interaction (FSI) vibration analysis using the finite element method.,e effect of countermeasures was evaluated by vibration and pulsation measurements during operation after modifications, which results showed the level of piping vibration and pressure pulsation was within the allowable limits. ,e processing capacity of the gas station has reached its design requirement as a result of the desired reduction in vibrations.


Introduction
Reciprocating compressors are most commonly used because of their flexibility with regard to operating modes in the gas industry. However, due to the intermittent compressor suction and discharge, pipeline vibration induced by pressure pulsation in the piping system connected to the reciprocating compressor is inherent, which may result in damage of pipes, supports, foundations, and instruments, unstable process operation, malfunction of instruments, etc. Excessive piping vibration is a potential threat to the safety and reliability of the compressor system. Consequently, it is important to study and then analyze the vibration phenomena to avoid such possible problems. e researches concerning piping vibration and vibration control mainly include vibration theoretical studies and applications in engineering [1][2][3]. eoretical studies include building mathematical modeling of pipelines, vibration experiments, and investigation using numerical analysis, such as modal analysis, acoustic analysis, and fluid-structure interaction between pipe and fluid in pipe [4][5][6]. e acoustic wave theory, transfer matrix method, and finite element method have been proposed to analyze gas pulsation in the piping system [7,8]. Engineering applications mainly focus on vibration measurement techniques, investigation using simulation techniques, vibration analysis techniques, fault diagnosis technology, piping design, and vibration control solutions [9][10][11][12][13]. ese researches have laid a good foundation for the piping vibration analysis and control of compressor piping systems.
As the inlet pipelines at a gas compressor station suffered from excessive vibration, this paper was devoted to investigate the main causes and the elimination of the vibration problem. e root causes and sources of piping vibration were investigated by vibration measurements and pulsation analysis under the various load conditions of compressors. ree models of the inlet pipeline modifications based on countermeasures against vibration were proposed. A modification model was applied after accomplishing modal analysis and fluid-structure interaction (FSI) vibration analysis for the three models. e effect of countermeasures applied was evaluated by vibration and pulsation measurements after modifications. ree of the four compressors were needed to be in operation simultaneously to meet the design processing capacity. e schematic of the inlet pipelines for the four compressors is illustrated in Figure 1. To control the piping vibration, the gathering manifold was reinforced by pouring cement, and pipe clamps were installed on the inlet pipelines during construction, as shown in Figure 2 [14].

Vibration Problems and Cause Analysis
However, the inlet pipelines encountered severe vibration with 34.26 mm/s velocity when three compressors (No. 1∼No. 3) were in operation simultaneously during commissioning and trial operation, which was considered to be dangerous and can cause damage to the piping system. It was necessary to suppress the resulting vibration velocity to values less than 17.8 mm/s to ensure the safety and reliability of the compressor station, according to the standard ISO 10816-6. Worse still, only one compressor was allowed to run in order to ensure pipeline safety. In other words, the compressor station only operated at its about 35% design capacity. Hence, it was necessary to perform in depth vibration analysis to identity the root causes and sources of piping vibration and take practical and useful vibration reduction countermeasures to limit the vibration level of the inlet pipelines within the allowable range and improve the processing capacity of the compressor station.

Vibration Measurements and Analysis.
It is a good way to understand vibration characteristics of the pipe by vibration measurements. As the vibration of the pipe connected to the reciprocating compressor is generally a low frequency vibration, vibration velocity can be used to evaluate the vibration characteristics well. Here, the total velocity of vibration v Total is defined to indicate the severity of piping vibration, which is calculated by where v Total is the total velocity of vibration (mm/s) and v x , v y , and v z are the velocity of vibration in x, y, and z directions (mm/s), respectively. As vibration is sensitive to the speed and load conditions of the compressor, vibration measurements and analysis under different operating conditions were performed to study how the pipeline system responds to the changes in the conditions. No. 1 compressor had four different load conditions, which were at 950 RPM with full load, 1000 RPM with full load, 1050 RPM with full load, and 1050 RPM with idle load, respectively. e five vibration measuring points (P1-P5) are presented in Figure 1. e comparison of vibration velocity of P1-P5 under the four load conditions is shown in Figure 3. e vibration severity is weak under No. 1 compressor operating at 1050 RPM with idle load condition, but strong under its other load conditions. So, it can be concluded that piping vibration is not induced by mechanical resonance. e total velocity of vibration v Total for each measuring point increases with the speed or load of No. 1 compressor. e velocity in the z direction is usually greater than that in the x and y directions, which is due to the high pulsation forces acting on the pipe resulting from pressure and velocity fluctuations without mechanical resonance.  Meanwhile, the vibration velocity spectrum of P1 was analyzed to reveal the vibration level as a function of frequency, and the obtained results are plotted in Figure 4. No. 1 compressor operating at 1050 RPM would produce the fundamental frequency at 17.5 Hz. As shown in Figure 4(a), the velocity peak occurs at 17.5 Hz (1050 RPM), lower velocity peaks are observed at 35 Hz and 52.5 Hz, and the velocity is small or zero at other frequencies in each direction. From Figure 4(b), the velocity peak in the z direction still occurs at the fundamental frequency of compressor speed and increases with the increase in the compressor speed. e spectrum results of the other points (P2-P5) are similar to that of P1. ese spectrum characteristics are closely related to the acoustic resonance problem.

Pulsation Measurements and Acoustic Analysis.
Pressure pulsation is inevitable in the reciprocating compressor because of the intermittent suction/discharge flow. e resulting pressure pulsation contains many harmonic components of the compressor speed, which would be a source of low frequency vibration in the piping system. e severity of pressure pulsation can be evaluated by the pressure unevenness δ, which is calculated by equation (2). API 618 has recommended the maximum allowable level of pressure pulsation P 1 , which is acquired by equation (3).
where δ is the pressure unevenness (%), P max and P min are the maximum and minimum absolute pressure (MPa), respectively, P 0 is the mean absolute pressure (MPa), and ΔP is the peak-to-peak pressure (MPa), P 1 is the maximum allowable level of pressure pulsation (%), a is the sound speed of gas in the pipe (m/s), D 1 is the inner diameter of the pipe (mm), and f ex is the excitation frequency related to compressor rotational speed (Hz).
To determine the pressure pulsation level, pressure pulsation measurement at measuring point ① (see Figure 1) was conducted when No. 1 compressor was in operation at 1050 RPM with full load. From Figure 5(a), the pressure unevenness δ of point ① is 2.59% calculated by equation (2), which far exceeds the maximum allowable level being 0.91% acquired by equation (3). e pulsation is strongest at the first compressor harmonics 17.5 Hz (1050 RPM), but spikes at other harmonics exist as well, which is most likely induced by acoustic resonance.
Gas in the piping system can be considered an elastic system and also has its acoustic natural frequency. e acoustic frequency of gas depends on its sound speed in the pipe and pipe length. Gas pulsation is generally too weak to cause any problem, but may be amplified and induce excessive piping vibration due to acoustic resonance. When acoustic resonance occurs in the piping system, the length of pipe is called as resonant piping length "L," which can be determined by equation (4) [15,16]. e words "open" and "closed" present the boundary condition of the pipe end. e pipe connected to a large volume can be regarded as an open end, or a closed end.
where L is the resonant piping length (m), k v is the ratio of specific heat, Z is the compressibility factor of real gas, R g is the gas constant (J/(kg·K)), T is the absolute temperature (K), and i is the harmonic order of frequency. e resonant piping length "L" of the inlet pipelines is listed in Table 1. To avoid acoustic resonance, the length of pipe should be away from "L." Badly, the actual length of the inlet pipelines was 18.51 m, which was within the range of the second resonant piping length "L." So, the pressure pulsation in piping reached a high level due to the second order acoustic resonance, which caused the high piping vibration.
In summary, the root causes of the excessive piping vibration were not mechanical resonance, but high pressure pulsation and the second order acoustic resonant. Meanwhile, there are several drawbacks in the configuration of the inlet pipelines (see Figure 1). For example, the gathering manifold was too small to buffer pulsation in the piping system, and the locations and directions of the inlet and outlet of the gathering manifold were unreasonable, which could aggravate pressure pulsation. It can be seen that piping vibration caused by acoustic resonances and pressure pulsation still cannot be controlled radically, although the inlet pipelines were reinforced by cement and clamps during construction, because the pulsation forces acting on the pipe cannot be reduced.

Countermeasures against Vibration and Analysis
Piping vibration induced by pressure pulsation cannot be eliminated completely but can be minimized by various methods: installation of an orifice to add fluid damping, application of a pressure fluctuation absorber to reduce the pulsation itself, adjusting piping length to change the structural and acoustic resonance frequency, etc. In this study, according to the causes and sources of vibration analyzed above, the key countermeasures against vibration included shortening the length of the inlet pipelines from 18.51 m to 14.75 m to avoid the resonant piping length "L" (see Table 1), enlarging the nominal diameter of the gathering manifold from DN400 mm to DN800 mm to suppress gas pulsation in the piping system, and adding piping    supports to alter the natural frequency of the inlet pipelines. ree models of the inlet pipeline modifications for vibration reduction are proposed based on different processes, as shown in Figure 6. 3.1. Modal Analysis. Mechanical resonance will be induced when the excitation frequency is within ±10% of the mechanical natural frequency of the piping system. Modal analysis is an effective method to obtain the natural frequencies and mode shapes of the piping system, which is of great useful to avoid mechanical resonance by adjusting the piping layout and support during the design phase. e structural models for the three models (A, B, and C) were established from their structural drawing and physical dimensions obtained on site, which were used to predict the natural frequencies and mode shapes. e accuracy of modal analysis is highly dependent on the assumptions of the boundary conditions of the pipe. In the paper, the pipe end mounted to the equipment with a larger stiffness, such as compressor body and gathering manifold, can be defined as the fixed end. e pipe end connected to the structure with a similar stiffness can be defined as the elastic support. An elastic support or clamp can be simplified as a spring with different axial and radial stiffness. e boundary conditions and locations of supports of the three models are presented in Figure 7.
In this study, the axial stiffness of the pipe support in the z direction was k z � 2 × 10 6 N/m, and the radial stiffness of the pipe support in the x direction was k x � 4 × 10 6 N/m and in the y direction k y � 2 × 10 7 N/m. Young's modulus E and Poisson's ratio μ of the pipe were set to 206 GPa and 0.3, respectively. Modal analysis of the three models was performed by using the finite element method. e natural frequencies of the inlet pipelines for each model are all greater than the range of compressor excitation frequency from 15.83 Hz to 17.5 Hz, as shown in Figure 8. So, the low mechanical resonance can be avoided. In terms of mechanical resonance, the first mode shape for each model is bending vibration in the x direction, and the weak region with high deflection is highlighted in red in Figure 9.

Fluid-Structure Interaction Vibration Analysis.
Piping vibration induced by gas pulsation in the piping system is a typical FSI vibration, which contains the structure analysis of the pipe and CFD analysis of the fluid in the piping system [17]. For the pipe connected to the natural gas compressor, the maximum allowable deformation is 710 micron based on ISO 10816-6, which is much smaller than its diameter. In this case, one-way FSI vibration analysis is appropriate because the pipe deformation is not large enough to have a significant impact on the gas pulsation. In this study, the boundary conditions of the three models for structure analysis were the same as that for modal analysis as mentioned above, and the boundary conditions for CFD analysis are listed in Table 2.
e vibration level of the three models was evaluated by oneway FSI vibration analysis under the three compressors (No. 1∼No. 3) operating at 1050 RPM with full load simultaneously, and the obtained results are presented in Figure 10.
From Figure 10, the maximum vibration velocity for each modification model is less than the maximum allowable level being 17.8 mm/s. e vibration level of modification model C is lower than that of models A and B. As the high vibrations are observed at the bend of the inlet pipelines because of the insufficient stiffness of pipe supports, a support with higher stiffness should be installed during the modification phase. According to Figures 9-11, it can be concluded that the inlet pipeline modification model C is better than models A and B with regard to vibration suppression because it has a higher natural frequency and a lower vibration severity.

Effect of Countermeasures
e inlet pipelines were modified on the basis of the modification model C to mitigate the abnormal vibration (see Figure 11). Meanwhile, the weak regions in Figure 10 Figure 13. e maximum pressure unevenness of ② is 0.63%, which is limited within the maximum allowable level being 0.91%. Comparing Figure 5(b) with Figure 13(b) shows that the pressure pulsation peak at 17.5 Hz is 0.0048 dB after modifications, but 0.013 dB before modifications. As the length of the inlet pipelines avoided the second order resonant piping length "L" after modifications, the pressure pulsation was not amplified without acoustic resonance.

Conclusions
e paper presents the characterization, diagnostics, analysis, and elimination of vibration in the inlet pipelines connected to reciprocating compressors at a gas station. e most important conclusions are as follows: (1) e results of on-site vibration and pulsation measurements under various load conditions of compressors showed the abnormal vibration of the inlet pipelines was not induced by mechanical resonance, but the second order acoustic resonance occurred in the inlet pipelines. 11.02 x y z   (2) ree modification models were proposed to suppress piping vibration and pressure pulsation, which mainly focused on shortening the length of pipe to avoid acoustic resonance, enlarging the volume of the gathering manifold to buffer pressure pulsation, and adding supports to increase the stiffness. Modal analysis and FSI vibration analysis for each modification model were conducted to understand their modal characteristics and vibration level, and the results revealed that the piping vibration level under the design processing capacity conditions of the compressor station was within the allowable limits without mechanical and acoustic resonance. (3) e inlet pipelines were modified based on modification model C to suppress piping vibration, and the weak regions which were sensitive to vibration were strengthened by installing pipe clamps after modifications. e results showed the piping vibration and pressure pulsation level were within the acceptable limits of standard, which means the countermeasures adopted indeed eliminated the piping vibration after modifications.
Piping vibration is an inescapable reality for the piping system connected with a reciprocating compressor. Generally, vibration induced by pressure pulsation is small on a pipe without acoustic or mechanical resonance. erefore, eliminating the acoustic or mechanical resonance can be an effective measure to reduce piping vibration.

Data Availability
Data and models used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Conflicts of Interest
e authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.