Particle jet impact drilling technology is an efficient method which mainly uses high-velocity particles to break rock. As the important criterion for evaluating rock-breaking effect, rock-breaking depth and damage area were studied in this paper. Firstly, a particle jet impact rock-breaking test device was developed, and laboratory experiments have been carried out. Then, based on the spherical cavity expansion theory, the mathematical model of rock-breaking depth and damage area under particle jet impact was established. Afterward, the effect of water-jet impact velocity, impact angle, and particle diameter on rock-breaking depth and damage area was analyzed by comparing experimental results and mathematical calculation. The results show that rock-breaking depth and damage area would increase with increase of water-jet impact velocity and decrease slightly with increase of particle diameter. And the combination of 8° and 20° is recommended for nozzle layout. The experimental results and mathematical calculation are basically consistent, which could verify the correctness of the mathematical model. The study has significance for development and application of particle jet impact rock-breaking technology and perfection of theoretical research.
With the depletion of shallow petroleum resources, deep oil and gas reservoirs in complex strata have gradually become the focus of petroleum exploration. Hard and grinding-resistant rock stratum drilling technology of deep and ultradeep well would become the technical research direction tackled in the future of China [
In rock-breaking field, the methods of water jet, laser, abrasive jet, undercutting TBM (tunnel boring machine), and multistage TBM cutterhead are proposed and studied. Ramezanzadeh et al. reviewed the new methods and mechanical devices of underground hard rock mining and evaluated the potential of such methods and researches [
In engineering practice and application of particle jet impact rock-breaking technology, Particle Drilling Technology Inc. (PDTI) of USA has carried out many laboratory tests and improved field tests, which show that particle jet impact drilling technology could achieve rapid drilling in hard formations [
In the previous research of our research group, the experimental research on the design of rock breaking the experimental device was introduced and particle jet impact rock-breaking experiment was carried out [
At present, theoretical study in particle jet impact rock-breaking field was carried out widely with simulation method; however, it is less with mathematical modeling method, especially in aspect of rock-breaking depth and damage area. The purpose of this paper is to study rock-breaking depth and damage area under particle jet impact, so as to realize the analysis and evaluation of rock-breaking effect. Through comparison and verification of mathematical model and laboratory experiment, the effect of different jet parameters on rock-breaking depth and damage area would be analyzed, and the correctness of mathematical model would be verified, which can realize quantitative analysis of jet parameters on rock-breaking effect and prediction of rock-breaking depth and area but also can provide support for the development of rock-breaking theory and the engineering application of particle jet impact drilling technology.
According to principle of particle jet impact drilling rock-breaking technology, the experimental device of particle jet impact rock breaking was developed. The rock-breaking experiments of particle jet-coupled impact were carried out in Engineering Center of Northeast Petroleum University [
In order to simulate the working conditions of particle jet impact drilling and reflect the influence of different factors on impact depth and damage area, the laboratory experimental device for particle jet impact rock breaking was self-developed, as shown in Figure
Particle jet impact rock-breaking laboratory device.
The power module is mainly composed of plunger pump and control cabinet, which can provide hydraulic power for experimental device. The water circulation module can realize the circulation of water and separation of metal particles from rock debris, so as to avoid waste of resources. The particles injection model mainly realizes uniform injection of steel particles into pipeline, and the simulated bottom-hole module is used to simulate the rock bottom hole. The simulated top drive module is mainly including rotating mechanism and lifting mechanism and mainly composed of servo motor, gear transmission mechanism, ball screw, lifting platform, and drill pipe. In the simulated top drive model, the movement of drilling bit includes rotary cutting and axial feeding. The rotation speed of rotary cutting is mainly driven by servo motor to drive the gear transmission mechanism and then drive drilling string and bit to rotate. The axial feeding speed is realized by servo motor to drive the ball screw to keep the bit with constant pressure or constant feeding speed in laboratory experiment.
The workflow of indoor experiment is as follows. Before the laboratory experiment of particle jet impact rock breaking, safety check should be carried out to ensure the normal operation of all components. At the beginning of test, the high-pressure pump was opened to remove residual particles in pipeline, and the rock should be fixed to achieve an appropriate target distance. Then, the flow of plunger pump and the screw propeller speed could be set to control fluid velocity and particle ratio. Rock-breaking experiments were carried out by controlling the servo motor of the simulated top drive model and then controlling drilling speed of the bit according to experimental target. Finally, the screw propeller and high-pressure pump were closed, and the test results of rock broken samples were measured. After rock-breaking experiment, the waste materials should be sorted out, and the important parts should be maintained to facilitate the next experiment.
The medium hard granite with size of 250 mm × 250 mm × 100 mm and steel particles of diameter with 0.8 mm, 1.0 mm, 1.2 mm, and 1.4 mm were used in process of particle jet impact rock breaking. The failure of rock samples under different working conditions (impact angle is 0°, 8°, 20°, and compound angle of 8° and 20°) is shown in Figure
The rock-breaking samples.
The rock-breaking samples are approximately regular in shape, and the rock-breaking depth and damage area were obtained by measuring the maximum depth and groove width. The rock-breaking depth is measured by infrared distance meter based on phase method. The measurement method of damage area is shown in Figure
The measurement of rock-breaking depth and damage area.
When the rock in deep well is impacted by particle jet, the macroscopic parameters are rock-breaking depth and damage area. Therefore, the theoretical analysis of rock-breaking depth model and damage area model is of great significance to the perfection and development of particle jet impact drilling technology.
According to particle jet impact rock-breaking technology, the high-speed water jet carries metal particles to accelerate through the nozzle and pipelines to form high-speed particle jet, which then impacts hard rock. When particle jet accelerates through the nozzle to impact rock, the relationship between particle velocity and water-jet velocity is analyzed by regression analysis based on the previous study [
When conducting modeling and analysis, the following assumptions are made: The sustained impact pressure of high-speed water jet is transformed into constant pressure of rock The intermittent impact of particles can be regarded as cyclic and uniform impact of dynamic loads There is no initial damage of rock
The constant pressure generated by water-jet impact can be expressed as
When particle jet impacts hard rock of deep well, the impact number of particles can reach thousands of times per minute. The characteristics under particle impact would show at high frequency and uniform. Therefore, the impact frequency of particles in per unit area is
When the particle impacts rock at a certain speed, the dynamic response region of rock can be divided into cavity region, fracture region, crack region, elastic region, and undamaged region [
Dynamical damage response of rock under particle impact.
Because of the spherical symmetry of cavity model, the conservation equation of mass and momentum in Euler coordinates is
The penetration depth model of spherical projectile is established based on cavity expansion theory [
When steel particle impacts on the undamaged rock, according to Coulomb friction law and principle of strain equivalence, the stress relationship with impact can be obtained:
Under the cyclic impact of particles, there will be destroy pits and crack damage, so the mechanical properties of damaged rock will inevitably change [
If the rock reaches a stable damage state after n-times impact, the radial stress of the rock is expressed as
The steel particle impacts on rock; the force action is shown in Figure
When rock is damaged under particles impact, the resistance of the rock under stable damage state can be calculated according to (
According to Newton’s third law, the relationship between rock-breaking depth and particle velocity in the process of particle impact rock is as follows:
After impact of n-times, the rock-breaking depth of single particle under stable damage state can be obtained by (
For high-frequency and high-speed impact of particles, the rock-breaking depth in a certain period of time can be derived from (
Damage area, as the one of main indexes in particle jet impact drilling, mainly includes microdamage and macrofailure. The damage zones of rock under particle jet impact mainly include fracture region, crack region, and water-jet impact damage region, as shown in Figure
For spherically symmetric cavity expansion model, the stress-displacement relationship is expressed as
The stress equilibrium equation of spherical shell element is
The joint solution of equations (
According to the second-order homogeneous differential equation and the solving method of Riccati equation, integral transformation of equation (
From equation (
In process of particle water-jet impact rock breaking, many cracks are easy to occur in crack region due to the existence of tensile stress, and it can be regarded as the extension of elastic deformation region. The radial and circumferential stresses in crack region can be obtained by integral of equation (
For the region where cracks occurred, only radial stress is generated due to the existence of radial cracks. According to equation (
The displacement of crack region is obtained by integral transformation:
Then, the radius of crack region can be obtained by deduction:
When the radial stress in crack region fails in two orthogonal circular directions, compressive strength of rock increases, and its cohesive strength is zero, so that rock is broken, that is, fracture region.
The constant
Combining equations (
When steel particles impact on rock, assuming that impact area flows along the normal direction of cavity surface, relationship between the radius of cavity region and fracture region can be obtained. The radius of fracture region can be obtained by Taylor expansion with method of ignoring higher-order terms:
In the process of particle impact rock breaking, the pressure of particle on rock can be calculated by equation (
The steel particle is regarded as rigid bodies under impact into rock target at a certain speed. The expression between cavity region radius and particle velocity can be obtained according to kinetic energy transformation and contact stress [
The Runge–Kutta method could be used to solve formulas (
The impact of high-velocity water jet would not only remove debris from fractured region but also cause secondary failure to rock in crack region and enlarge the fractured region. According to the principle of stress superposition, the stress of water-jet impact is superimposed on basis of stress in crack region [
The radial stress at any position in crack region under particle impact can be calculated by (
The damage region of high-velocity water jet can be obtained on the basis of equation (
For multiparticle jet coupling impact, it can be considered that it is the uniform impact process in probability. When particles are ejected through nozzle, the damage area under particle jet impact is shown in Figure
The damage area under multiparticles jet impact.
When the nozzle rotates with a certain angle
Particle jet impact rock with inclined rotation.
With mathematical modeling of rock-breaking depth and damage area, theoretical analysis of rock broken effect of particle jet-coupled impact under different working conditions could be realized.
In the process of particle jet impact drilling, water-jet impact velocity, particle diameter, and impact angle would play an important role in rock-breaking depth and damage area. According to the mathematical model established previously, rock-breaking depth and damage area can be calculated and analyzed with the mechanical properties of particle water jet and rock, as shown in Table
The mechanical properties of particle, water-jet, and rock.
2650 | 16.6 | 50 | 5.5 |
7850 | 230 | 1000 | 0–10.5 |
0.30 | 0.1 | 0.25 | 0.04 |
In process of acceleration and transmission of particle water jet, high-speed steel particles mainly rely on the carrying action of water jet, so the water-jet impact velocity would play the vital effect on rock-breaking effect. With particle water-jet impact rock vertically, while particle diameter and particle ratio is constant, the study on rock-breaking depth and damage area of water-jet impact velocity is carried out, and the comparison between mathematical model calculation and experimental result is shown in Figures
Effect of water-jet impact velocity on rock-breaking depth (test time with 10 s; particle diameter with1.0 mm; impact angle with 0°).
Effect of water-jet impact velocity on damage area (test time with 10 s; particle diameter with1.0 mm; impact angle with 0°).
According to the comparative analysis between mathematical calculation and experimental result, with increase of water-jet impact velocity, the rock-breaking depth and damage area present an increasing trend. For rock-breaking depth, with increase of water-jet impact velocity, the depth represents the trend of slowness and then rapidity, while the change trend of damage area shows a trend of rapid increase and then slow growth. The main reason is that particle impact velocity mainly depends on the acceleration of water jet; therefore, water-jet impact velocity can determine the rock broken effect, and the higher the water-jet impact velocity, the better the rock-breaking effect. For quantitative analysis, when water-jet impact velocity reaches 205 m/s, damage area is about 6.2 mm under vertical impact, the removal rate of rock cuttings with single nozzle can reach 0.17 L/h, and the average penetrating speed is about 1.6 mm/s, which is equivalent to drilling speed of 5.7 m/h, which exceeds mechanical drilling speed about three times. According to working conditions and the change rule of rock-breaking depth and damage area, water-jet impact velocity of 200 m/s∼210 m/s can be satisfied to the requirement of rock-breaking technology.
Reasonable layout of nozzles on drilling bit is needed in order to achieve high-efficiency rock-breaking results. Therefore, it is important to study impact angle (the angle of nozzles) for rock-breaking effect to achieve hard rock broken rapidly in deep well. Experiments were carried out on the variable of impact angle, and the change curves of rock-breaking depth and damage area at different impact angles of single nozzle are shown in Figures
Effect of impact angle on rock-breaking depth (test time with 60 s; particle diameter with 1.0 mm; water-jet impact velocity with 205 m/s).
Effect of impact angle on damage area (test time with 60 s; particle diameter with1.0 mm; water-jet impact velocity with 205 m/s).
From comparative analysis results, it could be conclude that damage area increases with the increase of impact angle, while rock-breaking depth generally represents the decreasing trend. Meanwhile, it could be seen that mathematical calculation results are basically consistent with experimental results. The average error of mathematical calculation and experiment result is less than 5%, and the maximum error of rock-breaking depth occurs with impact angle of 0°. The main reason is that the presence of reflux flow in vertical impact would result in loss of energy, and reflux flow was not taken into account in process of mathematical calculation. When the impact angle exceeds 8°, the error between experiment and mathematical calculation is small, and the trend is basically consistent.
According to particle jet impact rock-breaking technology, the rock in deep well is mainly impacted and cut to form failure groove, so as to eliminate the compaction effect of rock. When designing the nozzle layout, it should avoid the damage of well-hole wall, while improving drilling efficiency. Therefore, the nozzle arrangement with single angle cannot meet the requirements of high-efficiency rock breaking; the combined design scheme with impact angle of 8° and 20° is suggested to be adopted in engineering experiment (the nozzle layout is shown in Figure
The nozzle layout.
In particle jet impact rock experiment, the impact kinetic energy and action area of particles with different diameters are also different, and particle diameter is also one of the important factors affecting rock failure. Therefore, the effect of particle diameter on rock-breaking depth and damage area was studied. The comparable results are shown in Figures
Effect of particle diameter on rock-breaking depth (test time with 10 s; water-jet impact velocity with 205 m/s; impact angle with 8°).
Effect of particle diameter on damage area (test time with 10 s; water-jet impact velocity with 205 m/s; impact angle with 8°).
From the curve of rock-breaking depth and damage area, it can be seen that, with increase of particle diameter, rock-breaking depth and damage area under particle jet impact both represent a downward trend. The reason is that, with increase of particle diameter, impact velocity of particle would decrease, and also the impact frequency would be reduced several times with particle ratio being constant. Therefore, the rock-breaking depth and damage area would increase with particle diameter being small, while too small diameter of particles will lead impact energy to be lower. Considering rock-breaking effect and impact energy, particles with diameter of 1.0 mm are preferable. Comparing the curves of rock-breaking depth and damage area, the average error is basically within 5%, and the maximum error is less than 8%. Overall, the trends of penetration depth and damage area are basically consistent; thus it verified the correctness of theory calculation model.
According to previous analysis, the rock-breaking experiment was carried out with such layout of nozzles shown in Figure
Analysis of rock-breaking sample.
Particle jet impact drilling process can be divided into two parts: particle jet impact rock and mechanical drill bit cutting rock. Since the rock-cutting speed of drill bit is smaller than that of particle jet impact, particles and water jet would impact on rock to form the annular broken zone, releasing internal confining pressure of rock. Due to the existence of rock failure and damage under particle jet impact in deep well, mechanical drill bit could make it easier to be cut and crushed, thereby achieving the purpose of efficient drilling. Meanwhile, the broken zone of outer ring has a certain distance from wall to avoid damage to wellbore. Therefore, particle jet impact drilling process enables rapid drilling of hard, abrasive-resistant formations.
The experiment device of particle jet impact rock breaking was developed, and laboratory tests have been carried to obtain rock-breaking depth and damage area according to the operation process and measurement method. Based on spherical cavity expansion theory, the mathematical model of rock-breaking depth and damage area under particle jet impact is established. And the effects of water-jet impact velocity, particle diameter, and impact angle on rock-breaking depth and damage area are mathematically analyzed. The influence of water-jet impact velocity, impact angle, and particle diameter on rock-breaking depth and damage area is analyzed by comparing experimental research and mathematical calculation. Results show that rock-breaking depth and damage area would increase with increase of water-jet impact velocity and decrease with increase of particle diameter. The water-jet impact velocity of 200–210 m/s, particle diameter of 1.0 mm, and combined angle of 8° and 20° can meet the requirements of rock breaking. The experiment and mathematical calculation results are basically consistent, which verifies the correctness of the model and can realize the determination of jet parameters and quantitative analysis of rock-breaking effect.
Particle velocity
Ratio of particle velocity and water-jet velocity
Water-jet velocity
The length of nozzle contraction section
Constant pressure of water jet
Water-jet density
Flow rate of nozzle
Collision area of water jet
Impact frequency of unit area
The incorporation speed of particle
The incorporation time of particle
Particle volume
Particle numbers
Radial coordinate of Euler coordinates
Rock density
Radial stress
Tangential stress
Circumferential stress
Compressive strength of rock
Coefficient of sliding friction
Elastic strain
Radial stress with rock damaged
Rock elastic modulus
Elastic modulus with rock damaged
Volume compaction strain
Rock shear strength
Cumulative damage factor
The sum of resistance in vertical direction
Particle radius
The angle between microelement and
Impact angle
Radial displacement
Poisson’s ratio of rock
Spherical radius of cavity region
Outer diameter of rock fracture region
Outer diameter of crack region
Outer diameter of elastic deformation region
Damage region of water jet
Superimposed stress
Nozzle diameter
The damage area.
The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.
This study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (11972113), the Postdoctoral Research Start-Up Fund Project of Heilongjiang Province (LBH-Q15018), and the Guiding Innovation Fund Project of Northeast Petroleum University (2019YDL-07).