Structural Reanalysis Based on FRFs Using Sherman–Morrison–Woodbury Formula

Structural dynamic modification is a popular approach to obtain desire frequencies and dynamic characteristics. It has been observed that reanalyzing the modified structure usually involves complicated calculations when modifications are concerned with numerous degrees of freedom (DOFs), especially adding substructures to these DOFs. .is paper proposed a method to reanalyze the frequency response functions (FRFs) of structures with multiple co-ordinates modifications. Two different cases are taken into consideration in the modifications, including adding (or decreasing) masses, stiffness, and damping, as well as adding spring-mass substructures, which makes the method more practical. .is method is developed by employing Sherman–Morrison and Woodbury (SMW) formula based on the FRFs related to the modifications coordinates of the original system. .e advantage of this method is that neither a physical model nor amodal model is required; instead, it needs only the FRFs, which can be directly measured by experimental modal testing. Another salient feature of this proposed strategy is that the FRFs of the modified structure can be calculated in only one step. Validation of this proposed method is demonstrated using various numerical examples. It is shown that the method is very effective and can be considered for real applications.


Introduction
Structural dynamic modification has been applied widely in practical engineering. In many engineering cases, structural dynamic modifications are used to obtain better dynamic characteristics of structures. Generally speaking, structural dynamic modification refers to a method to get certain structural dynamic characteristics by changing the local physical parameters (masses, stiffness, and damping), such as the need to avoid resonance or assignment of certain frequencies on desired locations. Structural dynamic modification is an economical and effective means of improving the dynamic characteristics of mechanical structures. is approach is widely used in aerospace, marine, automotive, civil engineering, bridge, and machinery industries. e problems involved in structural dynamic modification can be divided into two categories: "forward problem" and "inverse problem." e former aims to predict exact change to the structure's dynamic properties when known modifications are made at a given location [1,2]. e latter mainly studies how to modify an existing structure in order to achieve the expected dynamic characteristics (such as natural frequency and mode shape) [3][4][5][6]. e forward structural dynamic modification is also called structural reanalysis in early studies. In structural reanalysis, the dynamic effects of a modification on a structure are treated as an analysis problem involving the known dynamic properties of the original structure rather than a complete reanalysis of the modified structure [7]. is approach could avoid the blindness of the design, which reduces the design cost and has practical engineering application value.
Many works and literatures had conducted a comprehensive analysis of reanalysis methods. Reanalysis methods can be generally divided into two categories: direct methods and approximate methods. e approximate methods can be divided into three categories [8]: global approximation, local approximation, and combined approximation.
For the development of direct methods, early studies of structural reanalysis were reviewed and summarized by Baldwin and Hutton [7]. Several approaches such as Rayleigh quotient [9], sensitivity analysis [10], and perturbation approach [11] were used to address forward modification problems without a complete reanalysis of the whole structure.
is important issue has also been extensively discussed in recent years, and part of the relevant literature is summarized as follows. is problem was explored in [12] using developed successive matrix inverse method based on symmetry of corresponding stiffness matrix after constraint modification of the boundary. e numerical examples show that this method could quickly give accurate reanalysis results. In the same year, Liu et al. [13] proposed an approach for structural static reanalysis with unchanged number of degrees of freedom.
is approach was based on a new preconditioner constructed by updating the Cholesky factorization of the original stiffness matrix, which could achieve fast convergence and accurate results. After two years, Song et al. [14] suggested using a direct reanalysis algorithm based on finding updated triangular factorization in sparse matrix solution to solve this problem. is algorithm is suitable for local modification, and the examples show that the algorithm improves reanalysis efficiency significantly, especially for high-rank structural modification. Later on, a "cheap" algorithm, named independent coefficients method, was put forward to reanalyze structures with local modification, which leads to a low-rank change in the stiffness matrix [15]. Considering that previous work [13] suffers limitation of a structure as added degrees of freedom, a new and efficient reanalysis method [16] had been proposed by the same author. Another advantage of this method is that the Cholesky factorization of the stiffness matrix of the modified structure can be used as the initial information for reanalysis when the structure is further modified. In the work of [17], the issue was suggested using a nonlinear reanalysis method based on structural modification of residual incremental approximations. In contrast to other existing nonlinear reanalysis methods, which were based on the evaluation of changed stiffness matrices, only residual vectors need to be computed and stored. Kim and Eun [18] studied coupling and recoupling reanalysis methods. ese methods were performed by using the concept of compatibility conditions at interface nodes between the substructures or between the original structure and the substructures. e most recent theory proposed in [19] offered a new method for free-vibration reanalysis after structural topological modifications with added degrees of freedom. e implementation of this approach involved only LDL T factorization of shifted substiffness matrices corresponding to the newly added DOFs, and the proposed method consists of matrix-matrix operations.
As for approximate methods, the combined approximation method is an effective solution method that combines the high efficiency of the local approximation method with the high quality of the global approximation method. e solution process of the method is based on the results of an accurate single-point analysis, and it is also a reanalysis method that has developed very fast in recent years. e original purpose of studying the CA method is to accelerate the optimization design. CA method has been widely used in many fields such as linear or nonlinear static analysis, dynamic analysis, modal analysis, and sensitivity analysis [8].
For the combined approximation method of reanalysis, Kirsch [20] first used forward and reverse substitution calculations to calculate the terms used as the basis vector binomial sequence in the CA method solving process. A new set of uncoupled basis vectors are generated and normalized by using the Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization process. is method can achieve an effective and accurate approximation for very large design changes. By 2006, Kirsch et al. [21] used combined approximation method to overcome the repeated eigenproblem solution of nonlinear dynamic reanalysis and solved its main problem. e method is based on the integration of several concepts and methods, including the basis of matrix factorization, series expansion, and reduction. In order to solve the frequency-constrained structural optimization problem, Zuo et al. [22] proposed an adaptive eigenvalue reanalysis method based on genetic algorithm for structural optimization.
e modified impulse analysis method is a combination approximation method from Kirsch, and it has a high level for repeated eigenvalue problems accuracy. Considered to integrate the Kirsch's method into the result optimization process, a new adaptive method [23] that used the K condition number to determine the minimum number of basis vectors was proposed. Besides, on the reanalysis of sensitivity, Zuo et al. [24] proposes a new method for arbitrarily changing static displacement sensitive design variables.
is method uses Taylor series expansion to approximate the current displacement of the modified sensitivity equation and then solves the direct sensitivity equation by a combined approximation method. One year later, the same author [25] conducted a sensitivity analysis of eigenvalues and eigenvectors using a combination approximation method, and the eigenvectors were solved by the Nelson method.
is method can greatly improve the efficiency of sensitivity analysis and can accelerate the gradient-based structural optimization constraints with frequency and mode shape.
All these researches mentioned above are primarily based on the physical model, which requires the knowledge of mass, stiffness, and damping matrices. In practical engineering, however, these parameters matrices of vibration system structures are not easy to obtain. is is because the structure to be modified is usually a complex structure with multiple DOFs. Furthermore, in the process of reanalysis calculation, it is usually not very difficult to solve the singleelement change problem. When it comes to multiple-element change structures, however, the calculation becomes more complicated. erefore, these problems limit the application of the above methods to some extent. is paper proposed a method for reanalyzing FRFs of the modified structure. is method is developed by employing SMW formula [26,27] based on the FRFs related to modifications coordinates of the original system. e advantage of this FRFs-based method is that the FRFs can be directly measured by model testing, without knowledge of 2 Shock and Vibration the system matrices M, C, K, which are usually unavailable in practical engineering. Another salient feature of this proposed strategy is that the FRFs of a structure with multipleelements changing can be calculated in only one step, which improves the efficiency of reanalysis.

Theoretical Development
e equation of motion of a free-vibration damping multidegree-of-freedom system can be expressed as e dynamic stiffness matrix of original structure can be given by where Z is the dynamic stiffness matrix of original structure; ω represents the frequency variable and j � �� � − 1 √ .

Adding Masses, Stiffness, and Damping to the Original
Model Structure. It is assumed that the local modification of the structure involves n coordinate points, labeled 1, 2, . . ., n. e additional masses, stiffnesses, and damping at these points are denoted as Δm 1 , Δm 2 , . . ., Δm n ; Δk 1 , Δk 2 , . . ., Δk n ; Δc 1 , Δc 2 , . . ., Δc n , respectively. e values of these additional stiffnesses, additional masses, and additional damping can be positive or negative. If the value is positive, then additional parameters are added to the original structure, while a negative value means that additional parameters are reduced from the original structure. e above additional masses, stiffnesses, and damping can be expressed as the diagonal matrix of (3), (4), and (5), respectively.
After adding additional masses ΔM, additional stiffnesses ΔK, and additional damping ΔC, where Z * is the structure dynamic stiffness matrix after adding additional parameters to original structure.
To make ΔZ more intuitive, it is expressed by the following formula: where U k is a column vector of n × 1 in which element of the k th row is 1, and the other elements are zero. V k represents a column vector of n × 1 in which element of the k th row is and the other elements are zero. en the column vectors U and V can be given by According to SMW formula [28], the dynamic stiffness Z * − 1 of modified structure with multielement change is simply written as where Since the dynamic stiffness matrix of structure and the FRFs matrix are inverse matrices of each other, then

Shock and Vibration
where H is FRFs matrix of original structure; H * is FRFs matrix of the structure after adding additional masses, stiffnesses, and damping. It is obvious that the FRFs matrix H * can be calculated according to (12) when the FRFs H of original structure and added masses matrix ΔM, stiffnesses matrix ΔK, and damping matrix ΔC are known.
It should be noted that the FRFs matrices H and H * mentioned above are displacement FRFs matrices. In the practical engineering cases, acceleration sensors are usually used to measure the response, so accelerance Ha is directly obtained. e relationship between H and Ha can be described as erefore, once accelerance matrix Ha of the original structure is obtained in practical application, the receptances H can be calculated according to (13), then substituting it into (10) and (11) to calculate receptances H * of the modified structure, where H * could be expressed as Finally, the obtained H * is substituted into (13) to calculate accelerances Ha * of the modified structure.

Adding Spring-Mass Substructures to the Original
Structure. In many engineering cases, the vibration system structures are designed to be immutable. When original structure does not satisfy the dynamic characteristics, adding spring-mass substructures to the original structural system is not a bad idea. e added spring-mass substructure is shown in Figure 1.
For the reason of adding a spring-mass substructure, the DOFs of original system has been changed, and one DOF is added to original system. e above calculated method is not suitable for this kind of condition anymore, and thus transforming the DOFs of modified structure to ones of original structure is needed [29]. e equation of motion of a linear undamped multidegree-of-freedom system can be expressed as Assuming that the mass and stiffness modification of original system are ΔM, ΔK, then (15) can be written as Assuming harmonic response x � ue iωt and substituting it into (15), dynamic stiffness matrix Z and FRFs H of the system can be written as follows: en (16) yields It is assumed that a spring-mass substructure is added at the i th freedom of original structure. e mass and stiffness are Δm, Δk and the relative amplitude of vibration is Δu. Since one substructure is added to the original system structure, an extra freedom is added. e DOFs of original structure are changed from n to n + 1, and the matrices in (18) are enlarged by one row and column. en, the equation of motion of the modified system is described by e last row of above equation is Substitute Δu with u i Substituting (21) into (19), the right matrix of (19) can be written as follows: 4 Shock and Vibration 0 0 · · · 0 · · · 0 0 0 0 · · · 0 · · · 0 0 Considering the i th and (n + 1) th row of (22), one can obtain en (19) can be written as follows: It is easy to observe from (24) that when adding one spring-mass substructure at the i th freedom of the original structure, element in the i th row represented by V k in the (8) is − (ω 2 Δm k Δk k /Δk k − ω 2 Δm k ) in this situation, and the other elements of V k are zero; namely, Without changing original structure of the system and adding one substructure to a certain coordinate of the system, after added one substructure, the DOFs of original system structure are changed from n to n + 1. According to a series of numerical operations, the DOFs of the system structure after adding one substructure are transformed from n + 1 to n, which could meet the calculation approach proposed in this paper.

Verification of the Method
In this section, three simulated examples are analyzed by the proposed method.

Numerical Experiment Setup.
To verify the accuracy of the above method, a cantilever beam modal test model is constructed as shown in Figure 2. e physical parameters are shown in Table 1. e cantilever beam is discretely divided into 6 equal parts along the length direction, and 6 measuring points are evenly distributed. As shown in Figure 3. Ha-ori-lp are the accelerances curves of original structure, where Ha lp are calculated accelerances relating points l and p.
Two kinds of examples are given to prove this approach proposed in this paper: one is to directly increase or decrease masses, stiffnesses, or damping on original structure. e other is to add a spring-mass substructure to a certain coordinate or multiple coordinates to the original structure. What should be pointed out is that the substructures are added in the vertical direction of the cantilever. For comparison purpose, exact accelerances Ha ′ corresponding with modified structure are also numerically calculated. Figure 4, the additional stiffness and damping are added at coordinates 2 and 4, stiffnesses Δk 2 and Δk 4 are 6000 N/m and 8000 N/m, respectively, and damping Δc 2 and Δc 4 are 30 Ns/m and 20 Ns/ m, respectively. Additional masses are added at coordinates 2, 4, and 6, respectively, and the additional masses Δm 2 , Δm 4 and Δm 6 are 0.38 Kg, 0.42 Kg, and 0.4 Kg, respectively. Response points are chosen at coordinates 2, 4, and 6. Hammer impact is moving sequentially from points 2, 4 to 6 for "measuring" accelerances Ha �

Adding Mass, Stiffness, and Damping to the Original Model Structure. As shown in
According to (3), (4), and (5), the additional mass matrix, stiffness matrix, and damping matrix in this example are Expression of vector V obtained by (9) can be given as follows: According to (13), receptances H of original structure can be obtained.

H � −
Ha e accelerances H * of modified structure can be calculated by (11) and (14).
It can be seen from the above that all the FRFs H (corresponding to original structure) required for   calculating H * (corresponding to modified structure) are related to the modification coordinates. en, accelerances Ha * of modified structure can be directly calculated by (13).
Although nine FRFs are calculated, only three of them are shown for the sake of brevity, as can be seen in Figure 5.
As shown in Figure 5, "exact" represents the exact accelerances curves obtained directly by numerical calculation. "Measured" represents the accelerances curves obtained by the method this paper proposed. "Original" represents the accelerances curves of original structure.  It is obvious from Figure 5 that, after dynamic modification to the original structure of vibration system, the accelerances curves "Measured" as a whole are in quite good agreement with those of target accelerances curve "exact", which indicates that the results of these two methods are consistent and accuracy of the method is verified.

Adding Spring-Mass Substructure to the Original
Structure. One and multiple spring-mass substructures are, respectively, added to the original structure to calculate the FRFs of the modified structure for verification of the proposed method.

Adding One Spring-Mass Substructure to the Original
Structure. As shown in Figure 6, a spring-mass substructure is added to the original structure at coordinate 1, where the stiffness Δk 1 of the substructure is 6000 N/m, and the mass Δm 1 of the substructure is 0.5 kg. For the accelerances of the structure after adding this spring-mass substructure, 4 natural frequencies are obtained within the range of 0-70 Hz. Response points are chosen at coordinates 1, 3, and 5. Hammer impact is moving sequentially from points 1, 3 to 5 for "measuring" accelerances Ha �   are shown for the sake of simplicity, as can be seen in Figure 7.
As shown in Figure 7, as one spring-mass substructure is added to the original structure, the exactly calculated accelerances curves of the modified structure and the ones calculated by the proposed method completely coincide. is result indicates that, in the condition of adding one spring-mass substructure, modified accelerances can be accurately calculated by the proposed method. Figure 8 is a cantilever beam model after adding substructures. ree spring-mass substructures are added at coordinate points 2, 4, and 6, respectively. e masses Δm 2 , Δm 4 , and Δm 6 of these substructures are 0.35 kg, 0.42 kg, and 0.39 kg, respectively, and stiffness Δk 2 , Δk 4 and Δk 6 of these substructures are 3000 N/m, 4000 N/m, and 5000 N/m, respectively.

Adding ree Spring-Mass Substructures to the Original Structure.
According to (24) and (25), the vector U and V can be written as follows.  10 Shock and Vibration Response points are chosen at coordinates 2, 4, and 6. Hammer impact is moving sequentially from points 2, 4 to 6. and Ha * 22 are shown for the sake of brevity, as can be seen in Figure 9.
As shown in Figure 9, after adding three spring-mass substructures to the original structure, accelerances curves obtained by the proposed method coincide with the exactly values, which proves the accuracy of this method.

Conclusion
e work presented in this paper dealt with the problem of reanalyzing FRFs of a modified structure. A method is developed by employing SMW formula based on the FRFs related to the modification coordinates of original system. is method can solve the calculation problem of FRFs of modified structure in only one step. e accuracy and efficiency of this method are proved according to the simulated modal testing of cantilever beam model.
Two kinds of examples are used in verification. One is directly adding additional masses, stiffnesses, and damping to the cantilever beam. is kind of modification is mainly for the case that internal structural parameters matrices are changed. e other is adding spring-mass substructures to the cantilever beam. is condition is suitable for models whose original structure is immutable. Both numerical examples demonstrated good performance in the simulation verification. e results show that this approach is suitable for multiple-element change situation of structural modification and could improve the efficiency of structural reanalysis.

Data Availability
e data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Conflicts of Interest
e authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.