Sensitivity Analysis Strategy to Assess the Salting-Out Problem during CO2 Geological Storage Process

(e sensitivity analysis of the salting-out effect on well injectivity is a significant work in the research of geological storage of CO2 in deep saline aquifers, which is helpful in the selection of storage sites and the design of the injection strategy. We conduct a detailed sensitivity analysis about the salting-out process using the local sensitivity method and two global sensitivity methods. Sensitivity coefficients showed that brine salinity (XNaCl) has the highest sensitivity and interaction effect, the CO2 injection rate (QCO2) has a greater influence in the early stage of the salting-out process and a smaller influence in the end stage, and the other three parameters (empirical parameters related to the pore distribution m, the liquid residual saturation in the relative permeability function Splr, and the liquid residual saturation in the capillary pressure function Sclr) have a smaller sensitivity. (is paper also analyzes the calculation amount of different sensitivity methods and suitable ways of obtaining the sensitivity coefficient and reveals the following. (1) (e sensitivity coefficient changes dynamically with time, if only the sensitivity of the final state is taken into account on a long-time physical process, and some sensitive parameters during the process may be neglected. (2) (e selection of the sample size should be based on the convergence of multiple calculations, and the results of the empirical calculation are uncertain. (3) (e calculation of Sobol sensitivity is complicated, the results calculated by surrogate model depend on whether the sample is representative enough; on the other hand, it is feasible to use Sti-Si approximation to characterize the second-order sensitivity to reduce the computation.(e research results not only reveal the sensitivity of the parameters related to the injection well salting-out problem during CO2 storage in deep saline aquifers but also guide the calculation of global sensitivity analysis with a similar physical process.


Introduction
Geological storage of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is an effective way to mitigate the effect of global warming [1]. Because of its wide distribution and large storage capacity, the deep saline aquifer is considered as an effective site for large-scale CO 2 geological storage [2]. In the near and medium-term, the main interest of carbon sequestration technology is to solve the problem of low storage capacity, and in the future, deep saline aquifers are the main technology of carbon sequestration [3]. Currently, CO 2 geological storage has not been commercialized due to the high construction cost.
ere are broad prospects for CO 2 geological sequestration in deep saline aquifers because lots of countries have formulated strict carbon emission reduction plans [4] and the implementation of carbon pricing makes CO 2 sequestration profitable. e dissolution of CO 2 in water and the dissolution of water in CO 2 occur at the same time in the CO 2 -brine system [5]. Although the solubility of water in CO 2 is low under site conditions, this dehydration process cannot be ignored when a large amount of dry CO 2 fluid is continuously injected into the rock formation [6]. When CO 2 is injected into the deep saline aquifer with higher salinity, it removes the water from the brine and increases the concentration of the brine; in turn, salt crystallization occurs when the concentration of the brine reaches the saturation limit [6][7][8][9].
At present, there are few site projects sealed in deep saline aquifers. According to statistics, large-scale site projects will enter the explosive period after 2020 [3]. Most of the current research on the geological storage of CO 2 in deep saline aquifers focuses on the exploration of CO 2 migration law, storage mechanisms, and risk assessment of leakage [10][11][12][13][14]. e monitoring data from the site project show that the salt precipitation near the well is part of the low permeability zone, which causes the accumulation of injection pressure and reduces the CO 2 injectivity [15]. erefore, with the development of a large number of CO 2 storage projects in the deep saline aquifers, it is necessary to screen and evaluate the potential sites from the point of view of the impact of salting out, to provide a basis for site storage potential evaluation and site selection. e main purpose of studying the phenomenon of salting out is to study the effect of salt precipitation on the permeability of rock formation. Verma and Pruess [16] proposed to transform the relationship between porosity and permeability into the relationship between solid saturation (S s ) and permeability, and the value of S s indicates the percentage of volume of NaCl crystals in the pores of the rock. According to the conservation of mass, Pruess [17] gives a method for calculating the S s value, so that the study of salting out can be transformed into quantitative research of S s . Sensitivity analysis of the parameters affecting S s of the injection well is the focus of the research on the salting-out effect at present. Miri and Hellevang [18] summarize the research results using simulation studies for the salt precipitation induced by CO 2 injection. ese numerical simulation studies consider sensitivity parameters including injection rate, initial brine saturation, salinity, water content, capillary pressure, relative permeability, temperature, and permeability. [19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. e above studies are all local sensitivity analysis considering a single factor and cannot give the sensitivity comparison among the parameters and cannot get the effect of the interaction between the parameters on the S s . e global sensitivity analysis method can not only examine the influence of input variables on response variables but also examine the interaction of input parameters and the influence of multiparameters on response variables. e commonly used global sensitivity analysis methods include the Morris method [26] and the Sobol method [27] based on variance analysis. Jung et al. [28] and Wainwright et al. [29] conducted a global sensitivity analysis using the Morris method to evaluate the sensitivity of the leakage signal (pressure disturbance) to the parameters of the geological storage model of CO 2 . Zheng et al. [30,31] carried out a global parameter sensitivity analysis of the CO 2 migration process in deep saline aquifers and compared the Morris method, the Sobol method, and other sensitivity analysis methods. It is found that the sensitivity arrangement of the input variables is different when different response variables are selected. Sobol's method has high accuracy, but the amount of calculation is too large. Wang et al. [32] conducted a global sensitivity analysis to evaluate the sensitivity of clogging signals (S s ) to model parameters, but they use the kriging surrogate model to simplify the migration dissolution process of CO 2 injection into the deep saline aquifers to simplify the calculation of Sobol's method.
In this study, we conduct a more detailed analysis, using the same salting-out forward model developed by Wang et al. [32]. Firstly, we conduct a sensitivity analysis based on the local sensitivity method and two global sensitivity methods. en, the influence of the selection of calculation parameters on the results of sensitivity analysis is discussed. An additional interpretation is provided for the local and global sensitivity methods. Finally, differences between the Sobol methods calculated from hydrogeological forward simulation and surrogate model are compared. e research results not only reveal the sensitivity of the parameters related to the injection wells salting-out problem during CO 2 storage in deep saline aquifers but also guide the selection of calculation parameters for similar sensitivity analysis, such as the process of heat extraction, energy storage, and evolution analysis of geological parameters [33][34][35][36].

Modeling Approach of the Salting-Out Process.
A radial geological model was built to simulate the salting-out process. e model used for sensitivity analysis is the same as Wang et al.'s model [32]. Assume that supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO 2 ) is injected into a homogeneous, anisotropic deep saline aquifer at a constant injection rate (Q CO2 ). e thickness of the storage layer is 100 m, and the horizontal distance is 2,500 m. e radius of the injection well is 0.3 m, and it is 11.5 m from the bottom of the model. e onequarter concept model is shown in Figure 1. In the horizontal direction, the injection well is the first unit with a unit size of 0.3 m, followed by 50 logarithmic size increasing units; in the vertical direction, the injection well is 11.5 m above the center of the bottom boundary element with a thickness of 1 m, and the thickness of the bottom and top units is 2 m. Other parts are evenly divided into units with a thickness of 5 m. e specific divided grid is shown in Figure 2; the upper and lower borders and right borders are sealed as no-flow boundary conditions. e parameters of the model used for simulation are given in Table 1. e TOUGH2/ECO2N module is used to simulate CO 2 migration in deep saline aquifers and the salting-out process due to the miscibility of water and CO 2 [17], and the injection time is set at 100 days. In the sensitivity analysis, we choose five parameters as input parameters: CO 2 injection rate (Q CO2 ), salinity (X NaCl ), empirical parameters related to pore distribution (m), liquid residual saturation in the relative permeability function (S plr ), and liquid residual saturation in the capillary pressure function (S clr ). Table 2 shows the ranges of reference parameter for sampling during sensitivity analysis. We assume a uniform distribution within the range of each parameter. From current researches, the salting-out problem can clog the gas flow path and reduce the CO 2 injectivity [24,39,40]. According to the VP model, the gas injectivity in the salting zone varies with the solid saturation value S s [16], so S s is used to map the CO 2 injectivity and as the response variable for the sensitivity analysis. We set the injection unit as an observation point and S s as a function of time in the reference case shown in Figure 3. Figure 3 presents the time evolution of S s at the observation point, from 10 seconds to 100 days after injection of scCO 2 , the value of S s keeps constant, which means a complete salting-out situation. It takes saline in the well unit 1.6 × 10 5 s to reach the saturation limit, and the salt precipitation accumulation process keeps about 1.2 × 10 5 s.

Sensitivity Analysis of the Salting-Out Problem.
e sensitivity coefficients show the impact of parameter change on the calculated system behavior at the observation point. We perturb five parameters: Q CO2 , X NaCl , m, S plr , and S clr ; the number of parameters (n k ) equals 5. S s is used as the response variable for sensitivity analysis, we consider a set of n k parameters denoted by {x i |i � 1, . . ., n k }, and the forward simulation output y � f({x i }), where f represents a forward model calculated by the TOUGH2 simulator [41], as shown in Section 2.1.
We discuss three sensitivity analysis methods, including the local sensitivity method, the Morris global sensitivity method, and the Sobol global sensitivity method. Forward simulation is taken by the TOUGH2 code; the inverse modeling capabilities for the TOUGH2 detailed calculation of the three models are developed by Wainwright et al. [29].
Local sensitivity analysis only tests the effect of a single parameter on the model; it can be calculated by the following equation: where S local i is the local sensitivity coefficient for parameter i, x * i is the reference parameter value, Δx i is a parameter increment, τ x,i is the parameter-scaling factor, and τ y is the output-scaling factor [42]. is coefficient can be used to identify the parameters that most strongly affect the behavior of the system at the actual or potential observation points.
A global sensitivity analysis method can test the interaction between parameters, and it can test the effect of multiple parameters, which change concurrently with the response variable. e conventional approach to performing global sensitivity analysis is the Morris sensitivity test method and Sobol's sensitivity test method. Morris [26] proposed a data screening method that can select parameters that have a low impact on the results and reduce the number of analysis variables. e Morris method is one of the global sensitivity analysis methods. e elementary effect of parameter x i is calculated by the following equation [29]: where EE i is the elementary effect of parameter x i , Δ � n p / {2(n p − 1)} is the fixed increment from the unit interval [0, 1], each parameter range is scaled to the interval [0, 1], partitioned into (n p − 1) equally-sized intervals, and each parameter take on values from {0, 1/(n p − 1), 2/(n p − 1), . . ., 1}, where n p is the number of sampling points in the interval [0, 1] [26], based on which the elementary effects (EE) and variance (STD of EE) are calculated; reflecting the relative parameter importance, as well as linearity and correlation, EE and STD of EE are two sensitivity coefficients in the Morris method. Nonlinear effects and interaction effects cannot be separated using this method [26]. e Sobol method is a quantitative global sensitivity analysis method based on a variance analysis first proposed by Sobol [27]. e sensitivity of a single input parameter can be evaluated by calculating the contribution of that parameter to the output variance, and the cross-sensitivity of multiple input parameters can also be evaluated by calculating the contribution of multiple input parameters to the output variance. e basic equations are given as follows:

Shock and Vibration
where S i is the first-order sensitivity value, S ti is the total sensitivity value, E[·] is the mean, V[·] is the variance, X i is the random system parameter, Y is the random system response, and X −i is all random system parameters except X i . e calculation method was proposed by Sobol [27] and modified by Saltelli et al. [43].

Reasonable Calculation of Sample Size Using Different
Sensitivity Methods. Forward analysis was implemented 6 times (the formula is n k + 1) for the local sensitivity method. e Morris method can be considered as an extension of the local sensitivity method by comparing (1) and (2); one local sensitivity simulation is 1 path (n B ) in the Morris simulation. e Morris method requires multiple sampling frequencies to calculate the average value. Figure 4 shows the mean EE and STD of EE at 100 days for each parameter as a function of n B with n p � 4; the mean EE and the STD of EE appear to stabilize after 200 n B . In the case of a lower path's situation, although the value of the mean EE and the STD of EE is not stable, we can also distinguish the magnitude of the parameter's sensitivity and assess the importance of parameters.
In the Sobol method, we only need to determine n s , where n s is the number of sets of n k dimensional parameter vectors from Monte Carlo sampling. Figure 5 shows S i and S ti for each parameter at 100 days as a function of n s . From the figure, we can see that S i and S ti require several thousand n s to stabilize (larger than 2,000 sets).
Due to the randomness of the Morris method, it is easy to meet the error during the 1 path calculated, and it is necessary to do multiple paths calculations to reduce the error. Saltelli et al. [44] present an experienced range of paths 4∼10 to easily obtain Morris calculations. Most scholars did not consider the effects of the paths on the Morris sensitivity analysis, and they always use the experience paths, such as n B � 4 (Wang et al. [32]), n B � 10 (Zheng et al. [31]), n B � 10 (Wainwright et al. [45]), and n B � 25 (Finsterle [46]). is way would bring some errors in the Morris sensitivity analysis, and the error was discussed in Section 3.4. As to n s in Sobol sensitivity analysis, most researchers also chose the experienced value of n s to do the calculation, such as n s � 300 in Wainwright et al. [45]; it is also important to study the effect of n s on sensitivity coefficients and get the big enough n s to keep the sensitivity coefficient converged.
For the global sensitivity analysis coefficient, the confidence intervals are shown so that we can evaluate the parameter coefficient uncertainty with the given number of simulations (draw error band). In the Morris method, the standard error of the mean (SEM) of EE, defined as SEM � STD/n B 0.5 [26], is used to calculate the confidence interval of the mean EE. In the Sobol method, the confidence interval of S i is given as tanh{arctanh(S i ) ± 1.96SE} [29], where SE is the standard error given by SE � (n s − 3) −0.5 . We chose n B � 200 and n s � 1,000 according to Figures 4 and 5 to ensure that the sensitivity of the calculated values is stable; the 95% confidence intervals of mean EE and S i are given below. e width of the confidence interval increases for small S i (Figure 6(b)),   implying that more simulations are required to rank the lowsensitivity parameters. e relationship between the sensitivity coefficient and n B , the relationship between sensitivity coefficient and n s , and the plot of sensitivity coefficient with the confidence intervals help to get the credible sensitivity coefficient.

Times Evolution of Sensitivity Coefficient with Different
Sensitivity Methods

Local Sensitivity Method.
e relationship between the local sensitivity coefficient of each parameter and time is given in Figure 7. Figure 7(a) shows the time evolution of the sensitivity coefficient of the local sensitivity analysis method. For easier comparison, Figure 7(b) shows the absolute values of the local sensitivity coefficient: |S local i |, which could represent the magnitude of parameter effects. As shown in Figure 7, X NaCl is the most influential parameter at the early time, and Q CO2 has a dominant effect afterward, m has the smallest effect, and S plr and S clr have an intermediate effect. e sensitivity to Q CO2 , S plr , and S clr decreases later, the sensitivity to m increases later, but the sensitivity to X NaCl stays constant. At the end of the injection process, X NaCl is still the most influential, but S clr occupies the second position. e sensitivity of Q CO2 , S plr , and m remain at a lower sensitivity coefficient after 2.79 × 10 5 s; the corresponding precipitation does not increase in Figure 3.

Morris Sensitivity Method.
In the Morris method, the number of partitions (n p ) and the number of paths (n B ) are the two parameters that determine the result of the sensitivity analysis. e premise of getting an accurate global sensitivity analysis is to investigate the influence of these two parameters.
e influence of n B has been researched in Section 3.1. Figure 8 shows the influence of n p , the mean EE, and the STD of EE stabilized from 4 to 40 partitions, which means that n p has a small impact on the stability of both mean EE and STD of EE in this study. From the above studies, the mean EE and STD of EE would converge when n B � 200 and n p � 4. e Morris sensitivity analysis results are shown in Figure 9. Figure 9 shows the time evolution of the mean elementary effect from the Morris sensitivity analysis method. e number of simulations is 1,200 (the formula is n B × (k + 1)). e mean EE represents the average effect of each parameter on the parameter space (Figure 9(a)), the mean |EE| is used to identify the noninfluential factors (Figure 9(b)), and the STD of EE is used to identify interaction effects (Figure 9(c)).

Shock and Vibration
In Figure 9(b), Q CO2 is the most influential at the early time, and X NaCl has a dominant effect afterward. e sensitivity to X NaCl , m, S plr , and S clr increases later, but the sensitivity to Q CO2 decreases later. At the end of the injection process, X NaCl still has a dominant effect. e effect of Q CO2 is reduced to a similar extent as that of m, and the sensitivity of S plr and S clr keeps a lower sensitivity coefficient. e sensitivity coefficient of Q CO2 has different trends with other parameters. As seen in Figure 9(a), the sensitivity coefficient of Q CO2 is positive at the early stage and then decreases to a negative value, which means that Q CO2 has a positive correlation with S s at the early time, and Q CO2 has a negative correlation with S s at the later stage. In the early time, dry CO 2 injection into deep saline aquifers would bring H 2 O into the CO 2 flow, and the change of Q CO2 leads to the same change trend of H 2 O loss of brine water, which means the positive correlation. In the process of continuous injection of CO 2 , the water saturation gradually decreases and the capillary pressure would increase; as seen in Figure 10, the capillary pressure in the pore would prevent further H 2 O loss; this is the reason for the reduced sensitivity coefficient. e gas saturation of the rock formation gradually increases, generating a capillary pressure in the direction of the injection well, which causes the saline water to flow back to the injection well when the capillary pressure gradually increases and exceeds the displacement pressure (as shown in Figure 11). During the brine backflow process, the change in Q CO2 leads to different changes in S s , causing a negative correlation [25]. e research in this paper shows that the sensitivity coefficient can be changed with time before the salting-out process is stable and the influence of the parameter on the response variable is positive or negative. Researchers should consider the dynamic change of the sensitivity index when performing a similar sensitivity analysis, in particular, considering a long-time physical process.

Sobol Sensitivity Method.
We take n s � 2,000 to keep S i and S ti index stable and then conduct the Sobol global sensitivity analysis; the results are shown in Figure 12. Figure 12 shows the time evolution of the sensitivity index of the Sobol method with 14,000 simulations (the formula is n s × (k + 2)). Figure 12(a) shows the first-order effect excluding the interaction effect (S i ). Figure 12(b) shows the total sensitivity index of the X i parameter, including the interaction effect, and is used to identify parameters with negligible effects (S ti ). Figure 12(c) shows the difference between S ti and S i as a function of time, identifying the interaction effects. Due to the variance based on (2) and (3), the sensitivity coefficient of S i and S ti will remain positive for all time (Figure 12(a) and Figure 12(b)). In  Figure 12(a), the largest effect of Q CO2 at early times can be seen, and X NaCl has a dominant effect afterward. e sensitivity to Q CO2 and X NaCl increases later, and the sensitivity to Q CO2 decreases to the stable value, but the sensitivity to X NaCl increases to the stable value at the end of time. e patterns of the three low-influential parameters (m, S plr , and S clr ) are similar to each other throughout the time. At the end of time, the patterns of Q CO2 and X NaCl are similar in Figure 12a and Figure 12(b), suggesting that a change in any of these two parameters would have a significant impact on S s even without taking into account the effects of the interaction. e ranking of low sensitivity parameters (m, S plr , and S clr ) importance is not easily recognized than S local i in the local sensitivity analysis and mean EE in the Morris sensitivity analysis. According to the results of the confidence interval in Section 3.1, more simulations are required to rank the low-sensitivity parameters.
All parameters show interaction effects at the early time since S ti -S i is larger than 0 (Figure 12(c)). e S ti -S i decreases later and stabilizes at a low value, indicating a low interaction effect at the end times. e patterns of the S ti -S i in the Sobol method are different from the patterns of the STD of EE in the Morris method; this is because STD of EE includes both the nonlinear effects and interaction effects, but S ti -S i represents only the interaction effects [29]. Comparing Figure 9(c) with Figure 12(c), Q CO2 and X NaCl have an abnormal trend in Figure 9(c), and the sensitivity coefficient is much higher than the other three parameters, which  indicate significant nonlinear effects of Q CO2 and X NaCl . Comparison of STD of EE and S ti -S i helps to get a deep understanding of the sensitivity coefficient of the parameter. e nonlinear effect of Q CO2 can be seen in Wang et al. [32], it is mainly due to the critical value of Q CO2 , which controls the backflow phenomenon in the salting-out problem. Figure 13 shows the Morris global sensitivity analysis of S s near the injection well, the traditional sensitivity coefficient is calculated by the equation d i � Δf(Δx i )/Δx i (Figure 13(a)). e difference in coordinate values is due to the introduction of the scaling factor τ x,i /τ y during the sensitivity calculation of Figure 13(b), which helped to avoid a wide range of axes and plot closer and useful graphs [47]. e number of paths in Figure 13(a) is equal to 4, the descending order of the mean EE is X NaCl , Q CO2 , m, S clr , and S plr , and the descending order of the STD of EE is Q CO2 , S clr , S plr , m, and X NaCl [32]. Under the same path (equal to 4) and time (100 days) conditions, the results in Figure 13(b) are quite different from those in Figure 13(a), especially the STD of EE of the parameter X NaCl . X NaCl has a dominant interaction or nonlinear effect in Figure 13(b), but it has the lowest interaction or nonlinear effect in Figure 13(a). is is because the larger uncertainty of the initial parameters is selected because of the smaller number of paths. e sensitivity analysis result becomes more stable as the number of paths increases (Figure 13(b)). When the number of paths is 500, the descending order of the mean EE is X NaCl , Q CO2 , S clr , S plr , and m and the descending order of the STD of EE is X NaCl , Q CO2 , m, S clr , and S plr . is result is more accurate than Figure 13(a) carried out by Wang et al. [32].

Comparison of Sobol Results between the Physical Model and Surrogate
Model. If the model has a simple and explicit mathematical expression f(x), the sensitivity of Sobol can be calculated by the analytic method. If the model does not have a simple mathematical expression, to be able to extract a large number of samples while reducing the amount of computation, in one manifold method, the surrogate model [48,49] is used instead of the physical model to calculate the response variable S s , and then the Sobol sensitivity is calculated by Monte Carlo method [44]. In this paper, the sensitivity coefficient is calculated by real forward simulations instead of the calculation of the sensitivity coefficient coming from the Kriging surrogate model in Wang et al. [32]. e results of the comparison are shown in Figure 14. Figure 14(a) and Figure 14(b) show the first-order and total sensitivity coefficients of the salting-out model parameters, respectively. First of all, these two figures have a similar pattern   Shock and Vibration about the sensitivity coefficient. X NaCl has the greatest influence on the response variable S s , much higher than the other parameters. e descending ranking of the sensitivity coefficient is X NaCl , m, S plr , Q CO2 , and S clr in Figure 14(a); however, Figure 14(b) shows the different range of the sensitivity coefficient: X NaCl , Q CO2 , S plr , m, and S clr . Q CO2 has the second place in this article but the lowest position in Wang et al. [32]. In this paper, the Morris method and the Sobol method get a similar sensitivity coefficient; what else the sensitivity coefficient result from Sobol method in this paper can also correspond to the sensitivity coefficient of the Morris method in Wang et al. e difference in results can be attributed to the use of the surrogate model and the number of simulations, full of simplicity and experience. Figure 14(c) shows the contribution of the parameter interaction to the sensitivity, which is called the secondorder sensitivity coefficient [32]. Interaction parameters that can be considered include X NaCl and m, X NaCl and S plr , and Q CO2 and m. In Figure 14(d), the difference between S ti and S i identifies the interaction effect. X NaCl has the biggest interaction effect, m and S plr have a dominant interaction effect afterward, and Q CO2 has the smallest interaction effect. e results in Figure 14(c) and Figure 14(d) are consistent, but the difference between S ti and S i is much easier to get than the second-order sensitivity coefficient.

Conclusions
e sensitivity analysis of the salting-out effect on well injectivity is a significant work in the study of geological storage of CO 2 in deep saline aquifers, which is helpful in the selection of storage sites and the design of the injection strategy. In this study, we conduct a more detailed sensitivity analysis using the salting-out model, which includes the local sensitivity method and two global sensitivity methods. e main conclusions obtained from this study are as follows: (1) Morris sensitivity coefficient requires several hundred and Sobol's sensitivity coefficient requires several thousand sampling matrices to stabilize in this study. e stability and accuracy of sensitivity calculation are related to the selection of calculation times, which cannot be selected according to experience but should be chosen to make the sensitivity coefficient converge.
(2) e sensitivity coefficient would change with the evaluation time. X NaCl has always been the most important factor affecting salting out, and the parameters m, S plr , and S clr have low sensitivity. However, the less sensitive parameter Q CO2 at the end of the evaluation time has a dominant effect during the evaluation process. is indicated that the law of time evolution cannot be ignored when studying the physical process of the problem, which is a long-time accumulation process, such as the salting-out process in this study. (3) Local sensitivity is a simplification of Morris, which can quickly select the most sensitive parameters. e Morris method is suitable for qualitatively selecting the most sensitive parameters and can obtain the interaction effect or the nonlinear effect. Sobol can quantify the sensitivity coefficient and cross-sensitivity coefficient, and it can help to compare with the Morris method to understand the nonlinear effect. e ranking of low sensitivity parameters (m, S plr , and S clr ) importance is not easily recognized using Sobol's method; more simulations are required to rank low sensitivity parameters.  sensitivity expressed by the S ti -S i approximation without calculating the second-order coefficient is effective.
Nomenclature d i : Sensitivity coefficient in traditional sensitivity calculated method k x , k y , k z : Permeability in three directions m: Parameter related to pore size distribution n B : e number of parameter paths n k : e number of parameters n p : e number of sampling points n s : e number of parameters sets P: Pressure P 0 : Gas entry pressure P max : Maximum capillary pressure Q CO2 : Injection rate of CO 2 S gas : Gas saturation S gr : Residual gas saturation S i : First-order sensitivity coefficient in Sobol method S local i : Local sensitivity coefficient S lr : Residual liquid saturation S ls : Liquid saturation in the saturated state S s : Solid saturation S ti : Total sensitivity coefficient in Sobol method T: Temperature x i : Input parameter X NaCl : Salinity ϕ: Porosity.

Data Availability
All the data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

Conflicts of Interest
e authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.