Rock Burst Mechanism under Coupling Action of Working Face Square and Regional Tectonic Stress

School of Civil and Resource Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China Research Center for Rock Burst Control of Shandong Energy Group Co., LTD, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China Safety Engineering College, North China Institute of Science and Technology, Beijing 101601, China School of Architecture & Civil Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, Shandong, China Liangbaosi Coal Mine, Shandong Energy Feicheng Mining Group Co., LTD, Jining 272400, Shandong, China


Introduction
e change of stress state in the fault area is the cause of rock burst and other dynamic disasters in many mines [1,2]. For example, the 2305s fully mechanized top coal caving face in Xinjulong Coal Mine is obliquely intersected with FD8 fault (with a drop of 10-15 m), and serious rock burst accidents occurred in the upper roadway and combined roadway during the fault crossing, resulting in 4 deaths. e problem of rock burst near the fault structure has not been completely solved. e predecessors have made fruitful achievements in the study of rock burst near fault structures. Li et al. [3] emphatically studied the disaster mechanism of fault dislocation type rock burst from four aspects: fault activation mechanism and its criterion, fault dislocation type rock burst theory, occurrence condition, and incubation process. Lyu et al. [4] studied the induction mechanism of reverse fault to rock burst from the aspects of in situ stress environment of reverse fault zone, stress characteristics of coal body near fault under the influence of mining, and dynamic load impact effect of fault activation instability sliding on the working face under the influence of mining. Zhang et al. [5] studied the unloading instability mechanism of thrust fault, including unloading instability mode, instability process, and energy transfer of instability transient. Lin et al. [6] studied the mechanical mechanism and stability control of fault self-locking and activation. Li et al. [7] studied the spatial evolution law of mining stress and the risk of rock burst in the fault zone. Wang et al. [8] studied the stress field evolution characteristics of thrust fault sliding surface under mining disturbance. Jiang et al. [9,10] studied the fault activation law under the influence of mining. Li et al. [11] studied the activation conditions of giant thrust faults under mining disturbance. Jiang et al. [12] studied the triggering mechanism of a tunnel surrounding rock fault sliding fracture under external disturbance. Xia et al. [13] studied the in situ stress criterion of fault activation. Zhu et al. [14] studied the fault activation law of a fully mechanized top coal caving face in a deep and extra thick coal seam. Jiang et al. [15,16] studied the evolution of mining stress and the characteristics of fault activation under hard and thick strata. Zhao et al. [17] considered that the dynamic evolution of mining pressure relief area, support pressure boosting area, and original stress area formed by the surrounding rock of the working face from inside to outside will induce fault structure dislocation activation. Jiao et al. [18] studied the dynamic mechanical response characteristics of faults under mining disturbance and analyzed the mutual feedback mechanism between stope strata behavior and fault damage slip. Li et al. [19] studied the influence of different dip angles of reverse faults on stope rock burst. Lu et al. [20] studied the precursory law of rock burst induced by fault sliding. Zhu et al. [21] studied the rock burst mechanism of fault slip and instability when mining in isolated working faces near faults. Zhao et al. [22] studied the characteristics of a regional in situ stress field under the influence of multistage tectonic movement and its influence on rock burst. Li et al. [23] analyzed the in situ stress field distribution characteristics of three gold mines with frequent microseismic activities. Zhang et al. [24] studied the variation law of surrounding rock stress after excavation. Lyu et al. [25] studied the fault activation law and induced rock burst mechanism of the deep working face. Zhang [26] studied the rock burst mechanism of mining roadway under the coupling condition of structure and thick conglomerate. Wang et al. [27] studied the temporal and spatial evolution characteristics of fault structure dislocation and slip and statistically analyzed the evolution law of actual mine earthquake source activity in a mining face. Wang et al. [28] believe that the mechanism of rock burst induced by fault structure is the superposition of tectonic stress and mining stress. Zhu et al. [29] studied the relationship between active faults and rock burst risk. Jiang et al. [30] adopted "the three-zone loading" theoretical model superimposed with tectonic stress to realize the approximate calculation of external stress and then obtained the rock burst risk of surrounding rock. Wang et al. [31] studied the movement process of overlying strata, abutment pressure of working face dip, and stress variation law of fault plane in footwall coal seam mining of giant thrust fault. Wang et al. [32] considered that the masonry beam structure is more likely to be formed after the key layer is broken in the hanging wall mining, the stability of the structural system is higher than that in the footwall mining, and the rock burst hazard of the working face is higher in the footwall mining. Zhang et al. [33] considered that the great release of strain energy stored in the surrounding rock led to rock burst. Tarasov and Randolph [34] considered that the energy released by deep earthquakes and rock bursts is extremely high due to a very low shear resistance structure formed in the process of fault development. Jiang et al. [35] studied the classification and early warning method of tectonic controlled rock burst by using the microseismic monitoring method. Meng et al. [36] proposed the prediction method of stress drop based on acoustic emission b value and the prediction method of fault sliding rock burst caused by stress drop. Jiang et al. [37] studied the dynamic analysis method of rock burst risk of a longwall working face intersecting with fault. Cong et al. [38,39] evaluated the increase of rock burst risk caused by dynamic load disturbance in the fault area through the vibration effect index. Li et al. [40] studied the disaster mechanism and safe mining technology when the working face of deep well, thick topsoil, and thick bedrock is mined to the square position. Jiang et al. [41,42] studied the overburden spatial structure before and after the square and the calculation of working face stress. Wang et al. [43] studied that there are initial influence range, significant influence range, and severe influence range in the square stage of working face. Kong et al. [44] studied the mechanism of abnormal weighting at the square position of the longwall working face. However, the rock burst mechanism under the coupling effect of working face square and regional tectonic stress is not deep enough.
Based on the engineering background of faults encountered in No. 3504 working face of Liangbaosi Coal Mine in Juye Coalfield, the stress variation law under the coupling condition of working face square and fault structure was studied, which revealed that the large-scale movement of overburden during working face square caused the regional stress adjustment of the fault structure. e mine earthquake caused by fault activation is the power source of local roadway impact failure. e south of the working face is close to the footwall waterproof coal pillar of F7 fault, and the east is close to F42 fault. No. f174 fault is developed in the face, as shown in Figure 1, and the fault parameters are shown in Table 1. e nearest distance between the working face and the goaf of No. 35001 working face (stopping time around April 2015) is 223 m.

Roof and Floor of Coal Seam.
e comprehensive columnar condition of the coal seam in the working face is shown in Table 2

Large-Scale Movement of Overburden Caused by Working
Face Square. e mining area of the working face is about 890 m deep, and the gravity stress is high. In the process of mining, there is a low stress early warning at the stress online monitoring point, which indicates that the local stress concentration is caused in the mining process. e working face has been mined to 103 m, which is in the square stage of working face, and the roof moves in a large range. As shown in Figure 3, when the working face is mined to the square position, the height of overburden fracture reaches the maximum, and the overburden space movement is the most intense.

Fault Activation Caused by Regional Stress Adjustment.
e whole movement of rock structure formed between the goaf and the weak fault plane of the working face is easy to cause the fault activation and form the mine earthquake, as shown in Figure 4

Numerical Simulation of Coupling
Action between Working Face Square and Regional Tectonic Stress   Figure 6. e distance between the measuring points in front of the working face is 10 m, and the vertical distance between the fault measuring points is 6∼12 m. After the excavation of the working face, the change of vertical stress in the leading area of the working face is shown in Figure 7. e vertical stress has an obvious stress increasing stage, which is caused by the square of working face. e change of horizontal stress in advance area of working face is shown in Figure 8. After the excavation, the horizontal stress changes obviously. e vertical stress variation of fault measuring points is shown in Figure 9. e vertical stress has an obvious stress fluctuation stage, which is a fault activation process. e change of horizontal stress at fault measuring points is shown in Figure 10. ere is an obvious fluctuation stage of horizontal stress, the stress in some areas increases, and the stress in some areas decreases.

Energy Variation Law of Fault Area.
e method described in [45,46] is used to compile FISH language to monitor the elastic energy of each unit and accumulate the elastic energy released in the fault area. e variation law is shown in Figure 11. e peak value in the figure is the maximum value of concentrated release of elastic energy, which is the maximum energy burst instantly when the fault is activated during the stress adjustment stage.  Figure 12. e location of each event is shown in Figure 13. On May 2, when the working face was pushed to square position, the energy of microseismic event was the largest, which also showed that the whole movement of overburden was the most intense and the energy released was the largest.

Cuttings Test.
After the high energy event occurred on May 2, 6 drilling holes were constructed within 40 m before and after the track trough source. e amount of drilling cuttings is the largest at 11 m of one drilling cuttings hole 82 m ahead of the track, with a value of 6.1 kg/m, showing a yellow warning, and rock can be seen here. e amount of drilling cuttings of the other five drilling holes is normal, as shown in Figure 14.
According to the rock penetration of drilling cuttings hole, it is estimated that there are unproved faults along the outer side of the track. e working face is in the island-like area surrounded by faults F7, F42, f174, and DF319, and the regional tectonic stress is concentrated, as The fracture height of the roof reaches the maximum at the square position The roof fracture height does not increase after the square position   Shock and Vibration 5 shown in Figure 15. rough the location of 4 large energy microseismic events, we can see that the location of large energy microseismic events is consistent with the predicted fault.

Conclusions
e mechanism of rock burst under the coupling action of square and regional tectonic stress in No. 3504 working face of Liangbaosi Coal Mine was studied; and the main conclusions are as follows: (1) When the working face reaches square position, the overlying rock moves in a large range, and the leading position of the working face and the stress adjustment of the fault face lead to the activation of the fault, which is prone to large energy mine earthquake.
(2) In the initial mining stage, No. 3504 working face is located in the island-like area surrounded by F7 fault, F42 fault, and f174 fault, and the tectonic stress is concentrated in the area. (3) Under the coupling effect of mining influence of working face square and regional tectonic stress  Shock and Vibration concentration, a large energy mine earthquake is produced. After the energy is transferred to the roadway, it leads to the rock burst of the roadway.

Data Availability
e data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Conflicts of Interest
e authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.