Excitation and Propagation of Longitudinal L (0, 2) Mode Ultrasonic Guided Waves for the Detection of Damages in Hexagonal Pipes: Numerical and Experimental Studies

(e hexagonal pipe is a special kind of tube structure. Its inner surface of the cross section is in the shape of circle, while the outer surface is hexagonal. It has functioned as an essential and critical part of a drill stem in a high-torque drill machine used in various resource exploitation fields. (e inspection of a hexagonal pipe to avoid its failure and thus to ensure safe operation of a drilling machine is becoming increasingly urgent and important. In this study, the excitation and propagation of ultrasonic guided waves for the purpose of detecting defects in hexagonal pipes are proposed. Dispersion curves of hexagonal pipes are firstly derived by using semianalytical finite element method. Based on these dispersion curves, longitudinal L (0, 2) mode at 100 kHz is selected to inspect hexagonal pipes. A ring of piezoelectric transducers (PZTs) with the size of 25mm× 5mm ×0.5mm is able tomaximize the amplitude of L (0, 2) mode and successfully suppress the undesired L (0, 1) mode in the experiments. Numerical and experimental studies have shown that the displacement field of L (0, 2) mode at 100 kHz is almost uniformly distributed along the circumferential direction. Furthermore, L (0, 2) mode ultrasonic guided waves at 100 kHz are capable of detecting circular throughhole damages located in the plane and near the edge in a hexagonal pipe. Our study results have demonstrated that the use of longitudinal L (0, 2) mode ultrasonic guided wave provides a promising and effective alternative for the detection of defects in hexagonal pipe structures.


Introduction
As a critical equipment, drilling machinery is widely used in the fields of resource exploitation and geological exploration. In a drilling machine, the weakest part is the drill stem, which is a key component linking ground with underground. e drill stem transfers power and torque to the drill bit underground, exerts bit pressure, and circulates mud during the drilling. In a drill stem, the hexagonal pipe is an essential part. It is a special kind of tube structure. Its outer and inner surfaces of the cross section are the shapes of hexagon and circle, respectively. During the operation of drilling, a hexagonal pipe suffers from extreme environments and various loads. erefore, damages, i.e., crack, corrosion, and void, are easy to occur in the interior of a hexagonal pipe. Consequently, inspecting hexagonal pipes is greatly important and urgent to ensure safe and reliable operating of drilling machines.
Ultrasonic inspection method is commonly used for the inspection of drill stems. Ushakov [1] used an ultrasonic testing method to detect the cracks in drill stems. Tu et al. [2] proposed an automatic ultrasonic flaw detection technique for drill stems. Chen et al. [3] employed an ultrasonic phased array method to inspect the corrosion defects in the inner surface of drill stems. In these studies, the traditional ultrasonic testing method was used to inspect both the hexagonal pipes and circular drill pipes in drill stems. e conventional ultrasonic methods are totally based on point-to-point inspection styles, in which the energy conveyed in the form of shear or longitudinal bulk waves is interrogated into a structure directly below the transducer. In light of this fact, it is clear that they become extremely inefficient and time-consuming when inspecting hexagonal pipes with the length almost up to ten meters. erefore, traditional ultrasonic inspection methods are not proper to detect defects in the hexagonal pipe structures. Developing an efficient inspecting method for hexagonal pipes is quite necessary.
Ultrasonic guided waves technique [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] has recently emerged as a highly efficient inspection approach for largescale structures. It shows significant potentials in NDE (nondestructive evaluation) and SHM (Structural Health Monitoring) for the inspection of structures in various fields, i.e., plates [13][14][15][16][17], pipelines [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25], railways [26][27][28][29], and other structures [30][31][32][33][34]. Ultrasonic guided wave testing method enables a line-to-line inspection style, which makes it quite suitable for the inspection of large structures. It is expected to eliminate the abovementioned disadvantages and to improve the testing efficiency. According to the literature review, employing ultrasonic guided waves for detecting damages in hexagonal pipes has rarely been presented. Until quite recently, only numerical studies on ultrasonic guided waves propagating in polygonal drill pipes are reported [35]. In the article, the feasibility of using ultrasonic guided waves for detecting damages in polygonal drill pipes has been numerically studied. However, there are still a lot of issues unresolved. Firstly, the selection of appropriate ultrasonic guided wave mode is a perquisite for the inspection. Secondly, the selection of the proper size of piezoelectric transducers to maximize the desired guided wave mode and minimize the unwanted ones is also important. irdly, the displacement filed distribution along the circumferential direction is unknown. Fourthly, the ability to detect damages at different circumferential locations needs to be identified and verified. In this study, the abovementioned issues are to be explored and addressed with considering hexagonal pipes. e rest of this paper is organized as follows. Dispersion curves of hexagonal pipes derived by using semianalytical finite element method are presented in Section 2. Numerical and experimental studies are presented in Sections 3 and 4, respectively. Conclusions are drawn at last in Section 5.

Dispersion Curves in Hexagonal Pipes
When using ultrasonic guided waves to test hexagonal pipes, knowing about the propagation characteristics is quite necessary. Obtaining their dispersive curves is a prerequisite. Based on the dispersion characteristics, a proper ultrasonic guided wave mode can be selected for the inspection. Due to the cross section's complex geometry, it is difficult to build the analytical dispersion equation for the hexagonal pipes. In this section, the SAFE (semianalytical finite element method) [36,37] is applied to investigate the characteristics of guided waves travelling in hexagonal pipes and to derive their phase and group velocity dispersion curves.

e Formulations of SAFE.
Assume that the cross section of a hexagonal pipe is x-y plane and waves propagate in z direction as illustrated in Figure 1. e displacement, strain, and stress vectors at a point (x, y, z) in a hexagonal pipe are expressed as u, ε , and σ, respectively. e strain-stress relation is expressed as σ � Cε, in which C denotes the elastic stiffness tensor. e strain vector is written as where e displacement field is assumed harmonic which propagates along the z direction, and spatial functions are employed to describe the amplitude in the cross-sectional x-y plane as where i is the imaginary unit, ξ is the wavenumber, and ω denotes the angular frequency. e cross-sectional domain Ω of a hexagonal pipe can be expressed by a system of finite elements with domain Ω e . After discretising, the displacement expressions in (3) over the element domain can be denoted by the shape functions N k (x, y) and the nodal unknown displacements (U xk , U yk , U zk ) in the x, ,y and z directions as where n is the number of nodes per element and N (x, y) and q (e) are shape function matrix and nodal displacement vector. eir detailed expression can be found in the references [36,37]. e strain vector in the element expressed as a function of the nodal displacements is stated as where N ,x and N ,y are the derivatives of the shape function matrix with respect to the x and y directions, respectively. e homogeneous general wave equation is obtained as [36,37].
where K 1 , K 2 , K 3 , and M are clearly expressed in references [36,37]. e final form of the eigenvalue problem in (6) is written as where U denotes a new nodal displacement vector. Nontrivial solutions are derived by solving a twin-parameter generalized eigenproblem in wavenumber ξ and angular frequency ω. For a given value of ξ, the corresponding value of ω can be derived by solving the eigenvalue problem of (7). By the formulation c p � ω/ξ, the phase velocity dispersion curves can be obtained.
Group velocity can be directly computed at each (ξ, ω) solution point without any contribution from adjacent points. e procedure starts by evaluating the derivative of (7) with respect to the wavenumber ξ: where K(ξ) � K 1 + ξK 2 + ξ 2 K 3 and U R denotes the right eigenvector. Premultiplying (8) by the transpose of the left eigenvector U T L : Since zω/zξ is a scalar, the group velocity can be represented as

Phase and Group Velocity Dispersion Curves in Hexagonal
Pipes. By using the formulations presented in Section 2.1, phase and group velocity dispersion curves in hexagonal pipes can be obtained. e cross section of the hexagonal pipe with its dimensions is illustrated in Figure 2. e outer surface of the hexagonal pipe is a hexagon. e distance from one edge to the corresponding opposite edge is 30 mm. e length of the edge can be calculated with the value of 17.32 mm. e inner surfaces of the hexagonal pipe is a circle with a diameter of 24 mm. e material of the hexagonal pipe is carbon steel. e elastic modulus, density, and Poisson's rate are 192 GPa, 8000 kg/m 3 , and 0.33, respectively.
Phase velocity and group velocity dispersion curves of the hexagonal pipe are shown in Figures 3(a) and 3(b), respectively. e first three longitudinal ultrasonic guided wave modes L (0, 1), L (0, 2), and L (0, 3) are marked. eir mode shapes are illustrated in Figures 4(a), 4(b) and 4(c), respectively. From the mode shapes, it is clearly observed that the displacement fields of the cross section is symmetrical. Furthermore, the displacements are in axial and radial directions, but there is no circumferential displacement. Consequently, the first three longitudinal wave modes L (0, 1), L (0, 2), and L (0, 3) are identified and confirmed. From Figure 3(b), it is obviously found that the dispersion curves of L (0, 1) mode at the frequency below 40 kHz, L (0, 2) mode at the frequency range from 70 kHz to 130 kHz, and L (0, 3) mode at the frequency range from 160 kHz to 200 kHz are nearly flat and they have the highest group velocity. e almost flat characteristic of the group velocity dispersion curves indicates that these three longitudinal modes are nearly nondispersive and they can travel a quite long distance with the width of the wave packet unvaried. ese three modes possess the highest group velocity, and they thus propagate faster than any other modes. Consequently, in the time domain waveform, they will appear ahead, which will make the received waveforms much more convenient to process and interpret. In this paper, L (0, 2) mode at a frequency range from 70 kHz to 130 kHz is selected to inspect hexagonal pipe structures. e phase and group velocity dispersion curves within the frequency range from 60 to 140 kHz are shown    Figure 5(c). ere are 12 receiving points placed at the outer edges of the left cross section to acquire the reflected waves as presented in Figure 5(d). Six monitoring points placed in the plane of six surfaces are marked as #1, #2, #3, #4, #5, and #6, respectively, and six monitoring points at edges are labelled as #7, #8, #9, #10, #11, and #12, respectively. It is noted that as these 12 monitoring points are symmetrically distributed, the sum or average of the waveforms acquired from the 12 points contains only symmetric guided wave modes and the flexural modes are eliminated.

Excitation Signal.
e excitation signal is formulated as where F 0 , N, and f 0 refer to the amplitude, the number of the cycles, and the center frequency of the excited signal. An example of the excitation time domain waveform with 10 cycles and a center frequency of 100 kHz and its frequency spectrums are illustrated in Figures 6(a) and 6(b), respectively.

Element Size and Time
Step. In general, a higher-order element type, a denser mesh and smaller time step will result in a more accurate simulation result, but will also cost more in terms of calculation time and computer resources. In order to obtain adequate accuracy and high efficiency, a second-order rectangular element type is used to discrete the square drill pipe and the maximum element size, and time step is adopted according to reference [38,39].
where ΔI denotes the element size and ΔI the time step; λ min and f max represent the shortest wavelength and the highest frequency of interest, respectively. In this study, the excited center frequency is selected around 100 kHz, and the phase velocity is around 5000 m/s. erefore, in the normal zones, the element size is set to 2 mm. In the damaged region, the element size should be much smaller and it is set to 0.5 mm. e time step setting to 1e-7 s is adequate to get accurate numerical results. Figure 7 illustrates the meshing results.

Ultrasonic Guided Waves Propagation in a Normal
Hexagonal Pipe. A tone burst of 20 cycles with a specified center frequency of 100 kHz is exerted uniformly on the left cross section to excite symmetric longitudinal guided waves in a normal hexagonal pipe. Symbol chart of the stress for all principal components at 4.375 × 10 −4 s is illustrated in Figure 8. It is clearly observed that along the axial propagation direction, there are two wave packets completely separated. ey are denoted as the direct L (0, 2) and L (0, 1) modes, respectively. According to the group velocity dispersion curve shown in Figure 3(d), at the frequency of 100 kHz, the group velocity of L (0, 2) mode is much larger than that of L (0, 1). Consequently, L (0, 2) mode propagates ahead of L (0, 1) mode. It is verified that under the axial and symmetric excitation, at the center frequency of 100 kHz, L (0, 1) and L (0, 2) modes are excited simultaneously. Figure 9 presents the corresponding temporal waveform, which is the sum of the time domain waveforms received from all 12     monitoring points (from monitoring point #1 to #12). It is found that three wave packets appear in the temporal waveform except for the direct excitation signal. e first and third wave packets appear at 1.203 × 10 −3 s and 2.802 × 10 −3 s, respectively. e propagation distance is 6000 mm. erefore, the calculated group velocities are 6000 mm/1.203 × 10 −3 s � 4988 m/s and 6000 mm/ 2.802 × 10 −3 s � 2141 m/s. ey are close to the values 4961 m/s and 2216 m/s, which are the theoretical group of L (0, 2) and L (0, 1) modes at the frequency of 100 kHz shown in Figure 3(d). It is verified that they are the first reflections of L (0, 2) and L (0, 1) modes from the right end of the hexagonal pipe. Similarly, the second wave packet is identified as the second reflection of L (0, 2) mode from the right end.
Primary contours of the axial displacement filed for L (0, 2) and L (0, 1) modes are shown in Figures 10(a) and 10(b), respectively. It is obviously found that the filed axial displacement along the circumferential direction for the L (0, 2) is almost uniform. It means that the axial displacement filed of L (0, 2) mode in planes is close to that at edges. For L (0, 1) mode, the value of axial displacement filed in planes are larger than that at edges. ese observations can be verified from the time domain waveforms. In Figure 11, the red and blue curves represent the sum of temporal waveforms received from all planes (#1, #2, #3, #4, #5, and #6) and edge monitoring points (#7, #8, #9, #10, #11, and #12), respectively. It is observed that the displacement amplitudes of the first and second reflections of L (0, 2) mode received from all plane and edge monitoring points are almost the same. e displacement amplitude of first reflection of L (0, 1) mode received from all edge monitoring points is larger than that from all plane monitoring points. ese findings have verified the observations from the contours of displacement field.

Temporal Waveforms Received from a Hexagonal
Pipe with a Single Circular rough-Hole Damage. As illustrated in Figure 5(b), a surface through-hole defect is introduced to a hexagonal pipe. e damage is located at l equaling to 800 mm from the left end. e diameter d is set to 6 mm. e distance from the center of the hole damage to the edge w is 8.66 mm, which means that the through-hole defect is located in the center of the top plane. A tone burst of 20 cycles with a specified center frequency of 100 kHz is enforced uniformly to the left cross section.
Time domain waveforms received from the hexagonal pipe with the single through-hole damage are illustrated in Figure 12. Figures 12(a) and 12(b) show temporal waveforms received from the plane (#4) and edge (#10) monitoring points, respectively. It is found that there are 4 wave packets  .019e + 01 +8.495e + 00 +6.795e + 00 +5.095e + 00 +3.395e + 00 +1.695e + 00 -1.705e + 00 -3.405e + 00 -5.105e + 00 -6.805e + 00 -8.505e + 00 -1.020e + 01 -5.240e -03 S, max. principal S, mid. principal S, min. principal  modes, which exist in the received time domain waveforms. Furthermore, at the frequency of 100 kHz, the group velocity of L (0, 2) mode is the largest. e reflected wave packet of L (0, 2) mode arrives ahead of other guided wave modes. Figure 12(c) presents the average of the waveforms obtained from all 12 monitoring points. It is illustrated that there are only 3 wave packets in the received time domain waveform. e wave packets ① and ② denote the first and second reflection of L (0, 2) mode from the defect. e wave packet ③ represents the first reflection of L (0, 1) mode. It clearly observed that all flexural modes are eliminated, which is due to the fact that all 12 monitoring points form a symmetric receiving array.

Temporal Waveforms Received from a Hexagonal Pipe with a Circular Hole Damage near the Edge.
In the subsection 3.2.2, the circular hole defect is introduced to the center of a plane. In this subsection, ultrasonic guided waves interacting with a circular hole damage located near the edge are investigated. Two finite element models of damaged hexagonal pipe are established. e center hole damage is introduced to one hexagonal pipe model and the edge hole damage to the other. e temporal waveform acquired from a damage near the edge is compared with that received from a damage at the center of a plane. e dimensions of l and d for the edge and center damages are set at the same values of 800 mm and 6 mm, respectively. e dimension w setting to 8.66 mm indicates that the damage is located at the center. For the edge damage, w is set to 3 mm. Both the blind and through-hole damages are considered. It is noted that for the through-hole damage, the height of the damage locating near the edge is a little larger than the damage at the center. Regarding the blind-hole damage, the height is set to 2 mm for both the defects located at the center and near the edge.
In Figure 13, the blue and red curves denote the time domain waveforms received from the circular blind-hole damages at the center and near the edge of the top plane, respectively. It is noted that the amplitudes of second reflection of L (0, 2) mode and the first reflection of L (0, 1) are so small and they are not visible in the waveforms. It is found that the amplitudes of the first reflection wave packets of L (0, 2) mode are almost the same. is observation further proves that the axial displacement field is almost uniform along the circumferential direction. is finding ensures that ultrasonic guided waves technique is able to detect damage regardless of where it is located along the circumferential direction. Figure 14 illustrates the temporal waveforms from the circular through-hole defects at the center and near the edge denoted by the blue and red curves, respectively. It is observed that the first and second reflections of L (0, 2) and the first reflection of L (0, 1) mode wave packets are present in the waveforms. Most importantly, the amplitude of the first reflected wave packet of L (0, 2) mode from the edge through-hole damage is a little larger than that from the center through-hole defect, which results from the larger height of the edge through-hole defect than the center through-hole defect.

Temporal Waveforms Received from Multiple Circular Hole Defects in Different Planes of a Hexagonal Pipe.
In this subsection, ultrasonic guided waves propagating in a hexagonal pipe with multiple hole defects in different planes are investigated. ree finite element damaged hexagonal pipe models are built. One circular through-hole damage is introduced to the center of plane I of the first hexagonal pipe. Two circular through-hole damages are present in the center of planes I and III of the second hexagonal pipe, respectively. ree circular through-hole damages exist in the center of planes I, III, and V of the third hexagonal pipe, respectively. All these circular through-hole damages are the same with the parameters of l, d, and w setting to 800 mm, 6 mm, and 8.66 mm, respectively. Figures 15(a), 15(b), and 15(c) present the temporal waveforms acquired from the one, two, and three circular through-hole damages, respectively. In Figures 15(a) and 15(b), the waveforms are received from the plane monitoring point #4. In Figure 15(c), the blue curve denotes that the waveform is received from the monitoring point #4, and the red curve represents the average from all 12 monitoring points. It is found that as the number of the damages increases from 1 to 3, the amplitude of the reflection of L (0, 2) mode dramatically increases, while the amplitudes of the flexural modes decrease significantly. As the number of damages increases, the symmetry increases. It is noted that three circular hole damages form a symmetric defect. In Figure 15(c), the waveform obtained from the monitoring point #4 coincides with the average signal from all 12 monitoring points. It is thus verified that only symmetric longitudinal modes are in presence and all the flexural modes are eliminated. Furthermore, it is found that the amplitude of the first reflected L (0, 2) wave packet from two damages is almost twice of that from one damage, and the amplitude from three damages is nearly three times of that from the one damage. It is thus inferred that the amplitudes of reflected L (0, 2) wave packet from the same circular damage in different planes are almost similar. e use of ultrasonic guided waves of L (0, 2) mode enables detecting damages in different planes of a hexagonal pipe.

Experimental Setups.
Related experiments have been performed to study ultrasonic guided waves propagating in normal and damaged hexagonal pipes. Figure 16 illustrates the related experimental setups. e experimental platform is shown in Figure 16(a), and the detailed explanations are reported in our previously published paper [33]. Figures 16(b) and 16(c) illustrate the configuration of the PZT ring, which is placed at the left end of the hexagonal pipe. e PZT ring is formed by 12 PZTs which are distributed uniformly and symmetrically around the outer surface of the hexagonal pipe.
is configuration enables that only the longitudinal guided wave modes are excited and received while the undesired flexural guided wave modes are eliminated. In Figure 16(b) and 16(c), the size of the piezoelectric wafer is 25 mm × 5 mm ×0.5 mm and 30 mm × 5 mm ×0.5 mm, respectively. Figure 16(d) shows Shock and Vibration 9 the experimental hexagonal pipe with the length of 3000 mm. e cross section dimensions are the same as illustrated in Figure 2. Figures 16(e), 16(f ), and 16(g) present the circular through-hole damage existed in the center and near the edge of the surface plane, respectively. Figure 16(g) illustrates the slot damage located at the edge with its dimensions. Figures 17(a), 17(b), and 17(c) illustrate the time domain waveforms using the ring of PZTs with the size of 25 mm × 5 mm × 0.5 mm under the center excitation frequency of 80 kHz, 90 kHz, and 100 kHz, respectively. e waveforms are the multiple reflections from the right end of a normal hexagonal pipe. It has been identified that the reflected wave packets are symmetric longitudinal L (0, 2) mode. In these figures, several obvious findings can be observed. Firstly, as the number of the reflections is increased, the time duration of reflected wave packet is becoming wider, and the dispersion phenomenon of it thus becomes more and more obvious. Secondly, as the center frequency increases from 80 kHz to 100 kHz, the reflected wave packet is becoming less dispersive. e reason is that the phase and group velocity dispersion curves of L (0, 2) mode tend to be more flat with the increment of center frequency from 80 kHz to 100 kHz. irdly, as the group velocity of L (0, 2) mode at 100 kHz is larger than that at 80 kHz and 90 kHz, the reflected wave packet at the center frequency of 100 kHz appears ahead of the corresponding reflected wave packet at the center frequency of 80 kHz and 90 kHz. Based on the above observations, L (0, 2) mode Lamb waves at the center frequency of 100 kHz are more suitable for the inspection of long hexagonal pipes, as it is less dispersive and can propagate a much longer distance.

e Selection of an Appropriate Size of PZTs.
In this subsection, the rings of PZTs with the size of 25 mm × 5 mm × 0.5 mm and 30 mm × 5 mm × 0.5 mm are used to excite ultrasonic guided waves of longitudinal modes at the center frequency of 100 kHz in a normal hexagonal pipe, respectively. Figure 18 illustrates that time domain waveforms of multiple reflections from the right end of the normal hexagonal pipe. e red and blue curves denote the signals under the excitation using the PZT ring with the size of 25 mm × 5 mm × 0.5 mm and 30 mm × 5 mm × 0.5 mm, respectively. By comparing these two waveforms, it is found that the amplitudes of the multiple reflections of L (0, 2) mode under the excitation using the PZTring with the size of 25 mm × 5 mm × 0.5 mm are larger than those with the size of 30 mm × 5 mm × 0.5 mm. Furthermore, when using the PZT ring with the size of 30 mm × 5 mm × 0.5 mm, both the reflections of L (0, 2) and L (0, 1) modes are preserved. While under the circumstance of using the PZT ring with the size of 25 mm × 5 mm × 0.5 mm, the reflections of L (0, 1) mode are suppressed.
e reason is briefly explained as follows. According to the theory presented in [40], amplitude of a certain ultrasonic guided waves mode displays maxima when the length of the piezoelectric wafer transducer equals an odd multiple of its half wavelength and minima when it equals an even multiple of the half wavelength. As illustrated in Figure 3(d), the group velocity of L (0, 1) and L (0, 2) mode are 2261 m/s and 4961 m/s, respectively. Consequently, the wavelength of L (0, 2) mode is λ L(0, 2) � 4961 m/ s/100 kHz � 49.61 mm. e half wavelength of L (0, 2) mode is 0.5 × 49.61 mm � 24.8 mm. It means that when the length of PZT ring equals to 24.8 mm, the amplitude of L (0, 2) mode reaches its maximum value. e half wavelength is closer to the value of 25 mm than 30 mm, which are the length of the PZT ring with the size of 25 mm × 5 mm × 0.5 mm and 30 mm × 5 mm × 0.5 mm, respectively. is explains the reason that the L (0, 2) mode multiple reflections have larger amplitudes under the excitation using the PZT ring with the size of 25 mm × 5 mm × 0.5 mm. Similarly, the wavelength of L (0, 1) mode is λ L(0, 1) � 2216 m/s/100 kHz � 22.16 mm. It is noted that twice the half wavelength of L (0, 1) mode with the value of 2 × 0.5 × 22.16 mm � 22.16 mm is close to the length value of 25 mm. Consequently, when using the PZT ring with the size of 25 mm × 5 mm × 0.5 mm, the amplitude of L (0, 1) mode reaches to almost its minimum value and the multiple   reflections of L (0, 1) mode are thus greatly eliminated. Furthermore, it is found that the third time of the half wavelength of L (0, 1) mode with the value of 3 × 0.5 × 22.16 mm � 33.24 mm is close to the length value of 30 mm, which is the length of PZT ring with size 30 mm × 5 mm × 0.5 mm. Under this circumstance, the amplitude of L (0, 1) mode reaches almost its maximum value. erefore, when using the PZT ring with the size of 30 mm × 5 mm × 0.5 mm, multiple reflections of L (0, 1) mode can be clearly observed. In order to improve the signal-to-noise ratio, undesired guided wave mode should be avoided. erefore, the PZT ring with the size of 25 mm × 5 mm × 0.5 mm is appropriate to excite L (0, 2) mode guided waves around 100 kHz for the inspection of hexagonal pipe and is used in the experiments for the following subsections of this study.

Temporal Waveforms from a Circular rough-Hole
Damage at the Center and near the Edge of a Plane. In this subsection, two damaged specimens are prepared. An artificial circular through-hole damage with a diameter of 7.5 mm is introduced to the center of top surface of one specimen and near the edge of top surface of the other specimen as illustrated in Figures 16(e) and 16(f ), respectively. e damage is located at a distance of 800 mm from the left end. Temporal waveforms received from these two damaged hexagonal pipes are illustrated in Figure 19. e red curve denotes that the waveform is received from a hexagonal pipe with a circular through-hole damage located at the center of the top surface and the blue curve represents the signal acquired from the damage near the edge. e wave packets ① and ② are the first and second reflections of L (0, 2) mode from the circular hole damages. It is found that the amplitude of the reflected L (0, 2) mode from the edge hole damage is a little larger than that from the center damage.
is observation results from the fact that the height of the edge through-hole damage is larger than that of center through-hole damage. is experimental result confirms the numerical results presented in subsection 3.2.3.

Temporal Waveforms from Multiple Circular rough-Hole Damages in Different Planes of a Hexagonal Pipe.
e numerical studies on ultrasonic guided waves interacting with multiple circular-hole damages in different planes of a hexagonal pipe are presented in subsection 3.2.4. In this subsection, the corresponding experimental investigations are conducted. ree specimens of hexagonal pipe are prepared. e first specimen is introduced, one artificial circular through-hole damage in the center of plane I. Two circular through-hole damages are created in the center of planes I and III, respectively, in the second specimen and three damages in the center of planes I, III, and V in the third specimen. ese damages possess the same diameter and axial distances from the left end with the values of 7.5 mm and 800 mm, respectively. Figure 20(a) illustrates the time domain waveforms received from multiple circular through-hole damages along the circumferential direction. e blue, red, and black curves denote the temporal waveforms acquired from the specimens with one, two, and three damages, respectively. e wave packets ① and ② represent the first and second reflections of L (0, 2) mode. Figure 20(b) shows the local enlargement of the first reflections of L (0, 2) mode. Figure 20(c) presents the maximum amplitude of the first reflection wave packet of L (0, 2) mode with the number of damages. It is found that the amplitude of the first reflected L (0, 2) mode wave packet increases in proportion to the number of the damages. is finding verifies that the same

Temporal Waveforms from Multiple Damages along the Axial Direction.
A specimen with three damages at different locations along the axial direction is prepared. e axial locations of three damages are illustrated in Figure 21. ree damages are located in plane 1 of the specimen. Damages 1 and 3 are the circular through-hole defects with the diameter of 7.5 mm located in the center and near the edge, respectively. Damage 2 is the slot damage at the edge with the dimensions illustrated in Figure 16(g). Figure 22 illustrates the temporal waveforms from the specimen with three defects along the axial direction. ree wave packets labelled ①, ②, and ③ in the time domain waveform are identified. ey correspond to the reflections of L (0, 2) mode from these three damages. It is noted that although the second reflection of L (0, 2) mode from the first damage coincides with the position of wave packet ②, the amplitude is quite small and it can be negligible. e results have demonstrated that the selected ultrasonic guided wave of L (0, 2) mode is able to detect multiple damages along the axial direction. Furthermore, not only the circular through-hole damage, but also the slot damage can be detected.

Parametric Study of the Diameter of the Circular
rough-Hole Damage. In this subsection, the parametric study on the diameter of the circular through-hole damage d is considered. A specimen with the length of 3000 mm is prepared. A circular through-hole damage is drilled on the top surface of one specimen with the diameter d varied from 3.5 mm to 7.5 mm with a step of 1 mm. e axial location of the defect is 800 mm from the left end.
Reflected wave packets of L (0, 2) mode from the circular through-hole with varied diameter are shown in Figures 23(a). As the diameter is varied from 3.5 mm to  Shock and Vibration 7.5 mm, the waveforms are plotted using the colors of blue, red, green, yellow, and black, respectively. e amplitude is increased as the diameter of the hole damage increases. Figures 23(b) plots the trend of maximum amplitude of the reflected L (0, 2) mode with the diameter of the damage. It is clearly found that the maximum amplitude is increased linearly with the increment of the diameter. e results will provide some basis for the future quantitative evaluation of circular hole damages in hexagonal pipes by using ultrasonic guided waves.

Conclusions
In this paper, the use of longitudinal L (0, 2) mode for the inspection of hexagonal pipe structures is numerically and experimentally studied. Several conclusions are drawn as follows. Firstly, the phase velocity and group velocity dispersion curves in polygonal drill pipes are derived by using the semianalytical finite element method. It is found that L (0, 2) mode at the frequency range from 70 kHz to 130 kHz is almost flat and it possesses the highest group velocity. L (0, 2) mode at the center frequency of 100 kHz is thus selected and has been numerically and experimentally verified as suitable for the inspection of hexagonal pipes. Secondly, in the experiments, a ring of piezoelectric transducers (PZTs) with the size of 25 mm × 5 mm × 0.5 mm is selected, as it is able to maximize the amplitude of L (0, 2) mode and successfully suppress the undesired L (0, 1) mode.
irdly, numerical results have shown that the axial displacement filed for L (0, 2) at around 100 kHz is almost uniform along the circumferential direction. is characteristic is verified by the numerical and experimental results that almost the same amplitudes are received from the same damages at different locations of a plane and also similar amplitudes from the same defects at different planes of a hexagonal pipe.
ese results have shown that the use of L (0, 2) mode guided waves is capable of detecting damages at different circumferential locations. Fourthly, reflected wave packets of L (0, 2) mode from two circular through-hole damages and one edge slot damage at different axial locations have also demonstrated the detection capabilities of damages along the axial direction. Furthermore, not only the circular through-hole damage but also the slot damage can be detected. Lastly, the parametric study of the diameter of the circular through-hole damage is conducted. It is found that the maximum amplitude increases linearly with the  increment of the diameter. Our studies have illustrated that longitudinal L (0, 2) mode ultrasonic guided wave provides a promising and effective alternative for the detection of defects in hexagonal pipe structures. e results also provide some a priori knowledge when using ultrasonic guided waves for the inspection of hexagonal pipes in future practical applications. In future work, ultrasonic guided waves technique will be applied to field tests for the inspection of hexagonal drill pipes.

Data Availability
e data used to support the findings of this study were supplied by Xiang Wan under license and so cannot be made freely available. Requests for access to these data should be made to Xiang Wan (wx@xust.edu.cn).

Conflicts of Interest
e authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.