A Semianalytic Method for Vibration Analysis of a Sandwich FGP Doubly Curved Shell with Arbitrary Boundary Conditions

Due to the excellent mechanical properties of doubly curved structure and functionally graded porous (FGP)material, the study of their vibration characteristics has attracted wide attention. *e main aim of this research is to establish a formulation for free and forced vibration analysis of a new Sandwich FGP doubly curved structure. Four models of Sandwich materials are considered.*e potential energy and kinetic energy functions are obtained on the foundation of the first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT). *e idea of domain energy decomposition is applied to the theoretical modeling, where the structure is segmented along the generatrix direction. *e continuity conditions for the interfaces between adjacent segments are balanced by the weighted parameters. For each segment, the displacement functions are selected as the Jacobi orthogonal polynomials and trigonometric series. *e boundary conditions of the structure are obtained by the boundary spring simulation technique. *e solution is obtained by the variational operation of the structural functional.*e convergence performance and correctness of the theoretical model are examined by several numerical examples. Finally, some novel results are given, where free and forced vibration characteristics of Sandwich FGP doubly curved structures are examined in detail.


Introduction
e doubly curved structure is widely used in the construction industry because of its excellent structural and mechanical properties [1][2][3][4][5]. Due to the appearance of pore, functionally graded porous (FGP) materials have better mechanical properties than traditional functionally graded materials [6][7][8][9][10]. Sandwich structures, which own outstanding mechanical properties, have been extensively applied in aerospace, transportation, and other fields [11][12][13][14][15]. However, the Sandwich structure combined with FGP materials has not been investigated yet. e objective of the paper is to establish a model for free and forced vibration analysis of a new Sandwich FGP doubly curved structure based on the semianalytical method.
Zenkour [16,17] conducted the bending and free vibration analysis of functionally graded (FG) ceramic-metal Sandwich plates by proposing a two-dimensional solution. It was assumed that the faces of structure are with isotropic two-constituent material distribution along the thickness direction, and their elasticity modulus and Poisson's ratio vary in terms of a power-law distribution, while the core layer is homogeneous and consisted of isotropic ceramic material. Natarajan and Manickam [18] studied the bending and free flexural vibration behavior of Sandwich functionally graded material (FGM) plates by using QUAD-8 shear flexible element. Mahi et al. [19] presented a new hyperbolic shear deformation theory to conduct the bending and free vibration analysis of isotropic, FG, Sandwich, and laminated composite plates. Extending the Moving Krigingbased mesh-free method, ai et al. [20] surveyed the static, dynamic, and buckling analysis of FG isotropic and Sandwich plates with classical boundary conditions. Xiao et al. [21] applied the finite element method to study the vibration behavior of Sandwich panel with mass density gradient (DG) foam core on the basis of the high-order Sandwich plate theory. Liu et al. [22] investigated the free vibration characteristics of FG material Sandwich plates based on the refined higher order Sandwich panel theory. Zenkour [23] proposed a quasi-3D shear deformation theory to study the bending responses of FG singlelayered and Sandwich plates with porosities by using Navier's technique. Using a layer-wise finite element method, Pandey and Pradyumna [24] studied the free vibration of FG Sandwich shells in the framework of FSDT. Chen et al. [25] conducted vibration investigation of FGM Sandwich doubly curved shallow shell by a novel shear deformation theory and the Navier method. Trinh and Kim [26] proposed a closed-form solution to study the nonlinear characteristics of the FG Sandwich shells with thermomechanical loadings.
A retrospect of previous researches shows that most of the investigations were focusing on Sandwich FGM structures, while FGP materials were rarely studied. In addition, the Sandwich rectangular plate or cylindrical shell has been sufficiently examined, while the research on Sandwich doubly curved structure is scarce.
is paper aims to construct a vibration analysis model for Sandwich FGP doubly curved shell subjected to arbitrary boundary conditions based on the FSDT, where four Sandwich material models are considered. e domain energy decomposition technique is employed, which can make the selection of displacement functions become rather flexible. e weighted parameters are utilized to deal with the continuity conditions between each neighbored segment. For every segment, the displacement functions are represented by Jacobi polynomials along the generatrix orientation and trigonometric series in the circumferential orientation. Free vibration and forced response can be obtained by standard variational operation. e convergence and validity of the model are shown by several numerical cases.

Geometric Description.
e orthogonal coordinate system (φ, θ, z) of the Sandwich FGP doubly curved shell is shown in Figure 1, where oz and o ′ z ′ are the spatial coordinate axis and geometric central axis, respectively. By spinning the generatrix with respect to the central axis o ′ z ′ , structural surface can be achieved. R φ and R θ are primary curvature radius, the centers of which are O φ and O θ respectively. R s represents the offset distance between o ′ z ′ and oz. R 0 signifies the sum of horizontal radius and R s , where R 0 � R θ sin φ. In this paper, three kinds of doubly curved shells are studied, and the corresponding generatrix characteristics are shown in Figure 2. e specific geometric equations are expressed as follows [27,28] : (1) Elliptical shell (Figure 2(a)): where a indicates the length of the semimajor axes, and b represents that of the semiminor axes. (1.c) (2) Paraboloidal shell ( Figure 2(b)): (2.c) (3) Hyperbolic shell (Figure 2(c)): (3.a) (3.c)

Material
Model. For FGP materials, there are three kinds of commonly used mechanical models: symmetric distribution model, nonsymmetric distribution model, and uniform distribution model [29]. In this paper, symmetric distribution model and nonsymmetric distribution model are considered. Four types of Sandwich FGP materials are shown in Figure 3. e material properties along the thickness direction are expressed as follows: Figure 1: Geometric and reference system of a Sandwich FGP doubly curved structure.
It is obvious from equation (4) that, for different types of Sandwich FGP materials, only material parameter α can be adjusted. e expressions of material parameters α are as follows: 2.3. Energy Functional of Shell Segment. In this paper, the FSDT is applied in the process of modeling [30,31]. e displacement fields of Sandwich FGP doubly curved shells are where u, v and w are displacements in the φ, θ and z directions on the middle surface, and ψ φ and ψ θ are rotations of the normal with respect to the θ and φ orientations. e linear strain-displacement relationships can be shown as Shock and Vibration where the stiffness coefficients are obtained as follows: In this research, the domain energy decomposition technique is exploited. To this end, the structure is divided into N segments along the axis direction. By introducing penalty parameters, the continuity conditions for the interfaces can be realized. According to the FSDT, the strain energy U i and kinetic energy T i of ith segments can be expressed as where As mentioned previously, the boundary spring simulation technique is exploited to simulate the corresponding boundary conditions. In addition, the continuity conditions are simulated by weighted parameters. e corresponding boundary and coupling potential energy can be described as Shock and Vibration 5 where i and i+1 represent the i th and (i+1) th shell segments. When considering forced vibration, the work done by the external loads may be represented as where f u i , f v i and f w i signify the related distributed forces along the φ, θ and z orientations, respectively; and the corresponding distributed couples with respect to the reference surface are represented by m φ i and m θ i . As a result, the Lagrangian energy functions (L) can be displayed as

Solution Methodology.
With regard to the trial function method, the key issue is constructing a displacement admissible function, which satisfies the boundary conditions. In this paper, by introducing the domain energy decomposition technique, the structure is segmented, and weighted parameters are brought in to simulate the continuity conditions for the interfaces between each neighbored segment. is can make the choices of displacement admissible function become quite flexible. Since all segments are free boundaries, only the displacement functions are required to be continuous and orthogonal. Herein, the Jacobian orthogonal polynomials [32][33][34] are utilized for the expansion of the displacement. e displacement functions are exhibited as follows: where U mn,i , V mn,i , W mn,i , ψ φ mn,i and ϕ φ mn,i are the Jacobi expanded coefficients; P is the Jacobi polynomial of mth order, representing the displacement components along the generatrix orientation. In practice, different types of orthogonal polynomials can be obtained by resetting Jacobian parameters α and β. It must also be pointed out here that the relative errors between the calculated results under different Jacobian parameters are very small. In this paper, the parameters of Jacobi are selected as α � β � 0 (Legendre polynomials).
Substituting equations (21) into equation (20) and expressing it in the form of partial differential equation, the discretized equation of motion is obtained: en, the forced vibration characteristic equation may be achieved: where M denotes the generalized mass matrix; K indicates the disjoint generalized stiffness matrix; K C and K B are the stiffness matrices related with weighted and boundary parameters, respectively. By assuming harmonic motionsq � qe iωt , the governing equations can be derived from equation (23): rough the solution of equation (24), the frequencies as well as the mode shapes can be obtained.

Convergence Studies and
Numerical Verification e accuracy of the whole theory should be closely related to the expansion coefficients of Jacobian orthogonal polynomials, the number of segments, and the weighted parameters between segments. erefore, it is essential to study the convergence and correctness of the numerical results. In order to simplify the description of edge conditions, the F, C, and Ei (i � 1,2,3) represent the free, clamped, and elastic edge conditions, respectively. Table 1 shows the convergence analysis of the number of segments for Sandwich FGP doubly curved structure. e material parameters are defined as follows: E 1 � 70 GPa, μ � 0.3, ρ � 2702 kg/m 3 , e 0 � 0.2. Sandwich material type is 2-1. If the material parameters are not specified later, the material parameters will remain unchanged. e thickness ratio coefficient of Sandwich structure is defined as 1 : 3:1.
e geometric parameters are defined as follows: paraboloidal shell: Table 1, it is obvious that when the number of segments exceeds 3, the computed results tend to be stable. erefore, in all subsequent examples, the number of segments is chosen to be N � 4. Table 2 shows the convergence analysis of truncation terms for Sandwich FGP doubly curved structure with C-F boundary conditions. e geometric dimensions and material parameters are in accordance with those in Table 1.
From Table 2, it is also found that when the Jacobian orthogonal polynomial is expanded to six terms, the calculated results can be regarded as exact ones. erefore, in Table 1 and all the following examples, Jacobian orthogonal polynomials are uniformly expanded into eight terms. e results of the convergence study of weighted parameters are shown in Table 3. From Table 3, it can be found that when the weighted parameter is small, the result is unstable. With the increase of weighted parameters, the calculated results converge rapidly. When the weighted parameter is more than 10 20 , the results diverge. erefore, it is indicated that when the weighted parameters are set between 10 14 and 10 18 , stable converged results can be obtained. In all subsequent examples, the weighted parameters are set as 10 14 .
Based on the study of convergence, the correctness of the present method is further studied. Table 4 shows the numerical comparison of Sandwich FGP doubly curved structure with various boundary conditions. e geometric parameters are as follows: elliptical Shell: e dimensionless frequencies are as follows: Ω � ωR s /h ���� � ρ 1 /E 1 (elliptical Shell) and Ω � ωD 2 ���� � ρ 1 /E 1 (hyperbolic shell). Sandwich material type is 1-2, and the thickness coefficient of Sandwich structure is defined as 0-1-0. Table 4 shows that the results obtained in this paper are very close to those obtained by Zhao et al. [35] using Ritz method. Table 5 gives the comparative data of Sandwich FGP doubly curved elliptical shell, which are obtained from finite element method (FEM) through ABAQUS. e boundary condition is defined as F-C. Geometric parameters are defined as follows: e Sandwich material type and thickness coefficient are consistent with those in Table 1. Table 5 shows that the present method is appropriate for calculating free vibration features of Sandwich FGP doubly curved shells.
Next, the correctness of this method for forced response prediction is further verified. Due to the lack of relevant literature results, the finite element software ABAQUS is used. e geometric dimensions and material parameters are identical with those in Table 5. It should be noted that the first item in parentheses represents generatrix direction φ and the second one represents circumferential direction θ. e point load is as follows: and δ is the Dirac delta function. Frequency ranges from 500 Hz to 1200 Hz, with a total of 501 sweeps. Figure 5 shows four specific forms of impact load function: (a) rectangular pulse signal; (b) triangular pulse signal; (c) half-sine pulse signal; and (d) exponential pulse signal, respectively [36]. In transient response analysis, the shock load function is chosen as rectangular wave. e loading time is 10 ms, and the interpolation point is 501. e loading position is consistent with that of the steady-state response, and the coordinates of observation points are defined as (π/3, 0). Figure 6 shows the comparison of steady-state response and transient response, respectively. It is obvious from Figure 6 that the proposed method has excellent accuracy for the prediction of forced response of Sandwich FGP doubly curved structure.

Numerical Results and Discussion
e third part has made a detailed comparative study on the correctness of the theoretical modeling, which verifies that the proposed model has excellent convergence speed and , φ 0 � 5π/6. For parabolic shells, the frequency parameters of shells increase with the increase of characteristic coefficient k. For hyperbolic shells, when the structure coefficient c increases, the frequency parameters of the shells decrease. For elliptical shells, when the structural coefficient b increases, the frequency parameters decrease accordingly. e above results indicate that the change of parameters directly affects the stiffness matrix of the Sandwich FGP doubly curved structure. Besides, the frequency parameters of Type 1--1 Sandwich FGP materials are the largest, while those of Type 1-2 Sandwich materials are the smallest. For the study of free vibration, modal modes can provide more information. erefore, modal modes under some elastic boundary conditions are given in Figures 7, 8, 9.
Next, the parameters of the forced response are examined. e geometric parameters are consistent with those of Case 1 in Tables 6, 7, 8, and 9. In the steady-state response, the load type is linear. e boundary is defined as C-C, and the Sandwich FGP material is selected as Types 1-2. For different doubly curved structures, the location of load action is defined as follows: paraboloidal shell:  Figures 10 and 11, respectively, study the steady and transient responses of the structure under different elastic boundary conditions. It can be found that the boundary condition parameters have a significant effect on the forced response of the Sandwich FGP doubly curved structure. Figure 12 and 13, respectively, present the steady and transient responses of the Sandwich FGP doubly curved structure under different porous coefficient. For steady-state response analysis, with the same frequency range, the number of resonance peaks decreases with the increase of pore coefficient. For transient          resonance peak occurs at larger frequencies as the thickness increases.

Conclusions
In this research, free and force vibration analyses of a novel Sandwich FGP doubly curved shell subjected to arbitrary boundary conditions are conducted in the framework of the FSDT. e theoretical modeling is based on the domain energy decomposition and boundary spring simulation techniques. For every segment, the displacement functions are represented by Jacobi polynomials along the generatrix orientation and trigonometric series in the circumferential orientation. Free vibration and forced response of Sandwich structures can be obtained by standard variational operation of unknown coefficients of displacement functions. e convergence and validity of the established analysis model are given through several numerical cases. Some new results are given, which may be served as reference data. In addition, parameterized study of forced response is also carried out for pore parameters, boundary parameters, and thickness parameters.

Data Availability
e data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.

Conflicts of Interest
e authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.