Characteristics of Typhoon “Fung-Wong” Near Earth Pulsation

To study the wind field characteristics near the ground pulsation in typhoon conditions, wind field conditions in the area affected by Typhoon “Fung-Wong” were monitored using wind field instruments installed in the construction building of Wenzhou University, China. Real-time wind field data were collected during typhoons. Wind characteristic parameters such as mean wind speed, wind direction angle, turbulence intensity, gust factor, peak factor, coherence function, and autocorrelation were analyzed, and the wind field characteristics during the typhoon were summarized. )e results indicated that the longitudinal and lateral turbulence intensities decreased with an increase in the mean wind speed, and there was an obvious linear relationship between them. )e vertical and horizontal gust factor and peak factor decreased with an increase in mean wind speed, and the trend was more obvious in the horizontal direction. )ere was a significant correlation between the gust factor and the peak factor. )e turbulence intensity and gust factor decreased with time, and the turbulence intensity attenuation speed increased with time. )e empirical curve presented by Davenport (1961) can simulate the correlation characteristics of the fluctuating wind speed components of Typhoon Fung-Wong at some measuring points. With an increase in the time difference, the dependence of the instantaneous values at the two time points gradually decreased.


Introduction
Wind disasters exhibit high frequency, large secondary effects, and a wide range of influence, with considerable adverse effects on daily life and the social economy. Wind disasters are the main cause of human casualties and damage to low-rise buildings [1][2][3]. However, wind resistance research on low-rise buildings has not been sufficient; thus, it is of great practical importance to study the action mechanism and wind field characteristics of low-rise buildings in strong wind conditions [4][5][6].
Wind always exhibits randomness [7][8][9]. e randomness is presented as complex turbulence at a given time, with random variations in wind characteristics [10]. To better simulate the randomness of wind, ASCE in America, NBCC in Canada, BSI in England, SAA in Australia, EuroCode and ESDU in Europe, and JS in Japan have studied and formulated design codes based on climate, economy, terrain, and other related factors [5,11]. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is a numerical method used to analyze wind characteristics [12,13]. Cochran and Derickson believed that it is critical for numerical inflow boundary conditions to match the mean and turbulent inflow conditions in the CFD method [14]. Hu et al. proposed a new form of turbulence kinetic energy profile and studied wind characteristics including mean wind speeds (U), turbulence intensities (I), and mean square deviations [15]. Four subgrid scale (SGS) models and two ground conditions were used for six largeeddy simulation (LES) calculations to analyze the wind characteristics over a hill. e dynamic SGS model results were inconsistent with the experimental results [16,17]. Focusing on the surface conditions of a hill, Tamura et al. used the LES method to study the turbulent boundary layer flows over a hill and demonstrated the effect of vegetation on turbulence statistics [13]. Most of these studies produced good results. It is difficult to obtain accurate wind data because a typhoon exhibits great uncertainty. Because the actual bridge location was affected by the surrounding terrain, the simulation results were complex and the wind characteristics varied at different locations; thus, a wind simulation at a specific location had limited value [18,19]. In addition, as the numerical simulation results were usually validated by wind tunnel tests or field measurements, it was difficult to obtain boundary condition consistency between the numerical model and the wind tunnel/field measurements [12,20]. When estimating the wind force on a structure, accurate simulation requires a wind characteristic parameter model. Although a numerical wind simulation can simulate a field wind environment to some extent, the simulation results can only be used as an engineering reference after field measurement and correction. us, field measurements are essential for understanding the wind characteristics of an area.
In recent years, much wind characteristic measurement research has been conducted, and much experience and data have been accumulated. Eaton and Mayne installed an anemometer on a two-story residential building in the suburb of Aylesbury. e probability distributions, autocorrelations, power spectra, and cross correlations were calculated and analyzed [21]. An analysis of the wind of Hurricane Hugo over North and South Carolina in 1989 was conducted; the general performance of buildings and the applicability of wind design codes were discussed [22]. Kato et al. observed typhoons 8922 and 9011 from 100 m above the ground and obtained wind turbulence measurements using ultrasonic anemometers [23]. Andersen and Løvseth described wind turbulence data on the western coast of Norway and established the Frøya wind characteristic database [24]. Sharma and Richards analyzed the turbulence characteristic parameters of tropical cyclones at different heights and positions above 10 m and compared them with the recommended values of AS 1170. 2-1989 [25]. Hui et al. and others conducted longterm observations from a 50 m high meteorological tower near the Stonecutters Bridge in Hong Kong. e wind profile, turbulence intensity, turbulence integral scale, coherence function, power spectral density of fluctuating wind speed, and other parameters of monsoon and typhoon data were studied. e results showed that the preset wind profile and turbulence intensity profile were applicable [26,27]. Based on a health monitoring system installed in a super high-rise building in Hong Kong during several typhoons, wind characteristic parameters including turbulence intensity, peak factor, turbulence integral scale, and power spectral density were analyzed and discussed. [28]. Wang et al. studied strong wind data measured by the Runyang suspension bridge health monitoring system. e wind characteristics of Typhoon Matsa, Typhoon Khanun, and northern winds were analyzed. e variation rules of mean wind speed, wind direction angle, turbulence intensity, turbulence integral scale, and power spectrum were summarized. e results showed that the recommended values of turbulence intensity and turbulence integral scale were not suitable for strong winds, and the Harris model was in good agreement with the measured power spectrum. However, more modified models must be established to meet the measured power spectrum [29]. Zhang et al. studied the influence effect of the wind direction on the wind characteristic of a deep-cut gorge, and the results showed that the wind characteristic parameters changed greatly between different directions [30]. e probabilistic dependence between wind parameters and structural responses was explored by explicit polynomial regression equations using the data of Xihoumen bridge by Liu et al. [31]. Field measurements have other advantages, such as improving wind tunnel test technology and advancing the numerical simulation of typhoons [32][33][34][35][36].
Although wind characteristics research is available for different sites, there is still a lack of research on wind load and wind field characteristics near the surface boundary layer in typhoon wind field conditions. In this study, the real-time wind speed and direction data from Typhoon Fung-Wong were recorded for 13 hours at the top of a building at Wenzhou University in China. Wind characteristic parameters including mean wind speed, wind direction angle, turbulence intensity, gust factor, peak factor, coherence function, and autocorrelation were studied and can be used for data reference in disaster prevention and for structural design of low-rise buildings in typical working conditions in this region.

Typhoon Fung-Wong and Its
Actual Measurement e eighth largest tropical storm in 2008 formed on the ocean east of Taiwan at 14 : 00 on August 25 and moved westward under the influence of a Western Pacific subtropical high. It intensified into Typhoon Fung-Wong at 17 : 00 on August 26 and landed at Donghan Town, Fuqing City, Fujian Province, at 22 : 00 on August 28. When it landed, the maximum wind force near the center reached 12, and the wind speed was 33 m/s. It was the strongest typhoon landing in China in 2008, with a high intensity, long influence time, and wide range. e typhoon track is shown in Figure 1.
Two WJ3 anemometers were installed at the top of the fifth building in the construction engineering complex at Wenzhou University in China; complete typhoon data were successfully recorded. e two anemometers were fixed on a straight 9 m high pole, at a total height of approximately 30 m from the ground with a horizontal distance of approximately 17 m between them, as shown in Figure 2. e anemometer sampling frequency was 20 Hz; the wind direction angle was defined as 0°for north and 180°for south. e specific parameters of the anemometers are shown in Table 1.

Mean Wind Speed and Mean Wind Direction
Angle. e mean wind characteristics include mean wind speed, mean wind direction, and variation of mean wind speed with height. Using the vector decomposition method to process the measured data, the 10-minute mean wind speed and mean wind direction angle during Typhoon Fung-Wong were calculated. We have the following equations: 2 Shock and Vibration where v x (t) and v y (t) represents the 10-minute average measured two-dimensional wind speed range in the horizontal direction. e longitudinal fluctuating wind speed and lateral fluctuating wind speed can be obtained according to the mean wind speed (U) and mean wind direction angle (θ), and u(t) and v(t) can be expressed as e mean wind speed and mean wind direction angle at the east and west measuring points are shown in Figure 3. e measured wind speed and wind direction on both sides were similar, verifying the effectiveness of the measurement. e 10-minute mean wind speed fluctuated from 2 to 10 m/s. e maximum 10-minute mean wind speed at the east measuring point was 10.35 m/s; the maximum 10-minute mean wind speed at the west measuring point was 7.72 m/s. e variation in the mean wind direction angle is concentrated from 10°to 80°; the wind direction angle is relatively stable during the movement of the typhoon. e wind direction angle at the west measuring point is approximately 15°larger than that at the east measuring point, and the fluctuation is more severe.

Turbulence Intensity.
e turbulence intensity is an important index expressing the intensity of wind fluctuation. e turbulence intensity is defined as the ratio of the root mean square of the fluctuating wind speed to the mean wind speed in a basic time interval, expressed as where I u and I v are the longitudinal and lateral turbulence intensities, respectively, and σu and σv represent the root mean squares of the longitudinal and lateral fluctuating wind speeds, respectively. Figure 4 shows the effect of the mean wind speed on the turbulence intensity. It is observed in the figure that the longitudinal and lateral turbulence intensities decrease with an increase in the mean wind speed at the east and west measuring points, and the dispersion at the west measuring point is greater than that at the east measuring point. e average and maximum values of the turbulence intensity and the ratio of the average longitudinal and average lateral turbulence intensities for both sides are presented in Table 2.
ere is a correlation between the longitudinal and lateral turbulence intensities at the two measuring points. In addition, Table 3 shows the research results of different scholars on turbulence intensity at different bridge sites under strong wind. e results show that the ratio of longitudinal and transverse turbulence intensity is different under different typhoons at various bridge sites, which indicates that different typhoons have uniqueness, and the wind characteristics may be affected by the topography and test environment. Figure 5 shows the curve of the lateral turbulence intensity versus the longitudinal turbulence intensity with linear fitting. e lateral turbulence intensity increases with an increase in the longitudinal turbulence intensity; there is an obvious positive correlation. e fitting curves of the longitudinal and lateral turbulence intensities at the two measuring points are nearly parallel, which also indicates the effectiveness of the measured turbulence intensity.
In this study, considering the influence of the arrival time on the turbulence intensity, the longitudinal turbulence intensity of the east measuring point is selected as the research object. e change in turbulence intensity at any time      Shock and Vibration with different wind speed conditions is shown in Figure 6, where t g represents the gust interval. It is observed that, for different wind speed conditions, the turbulence intensity decreases with an increase in distance, and the attenuation coefficient increases with a decrease in turbulence intensity. For the same time interval, the turbulence intensity is greater with a smaller wind speed. Figure 7 shows the change in the mean turbulence intensity at different time intervals in each 1-hour period. e turbulence intensity decreases and its attenuation speed increases with a longer time interval. e polynomial function can be used to fit the variation in the mean turbulence intensity at any time. e mean wind speed was the 1-hour interval wind speed.

Wind Gust
Factor. e gust factor is similar to the turbulence intensity, and it is also an important parameter for characterizing the fluctuation intensity. e gust factor is defined as the ratio of the maximum mean wind speed in all directions during the gust duration to the 10-minute mean wind speed, expressed as where G u and G v are the vertical and horizontal gust factors, respectively; max(u(t g )) and max(v(t g )) represent the maximum wind speeds of the longitudinal and lateral fluctuating wind for the gust duration, respectively. Here, t g is 3 s. e gust factor of Typhoon Fung-Wong passing   Shock and Vibration 5 through the area was calculated according to equations (5) and (6). e variation in the gust factor with mean wind speed is shown in Figure 8. Figure 9 shows the relationship between the gust factor and the time interval. e longitudinal and lateral gust factors decrease with time, and the attenuation speed decreases with a decrease in the gust factor. is is different from the conclusion that the turbulence intensity varies with time.
e exponential function fitting was conducted according to the change trend of the vertical and horizontal gust factors; the exponential function fitting was G � at b g . e values of a and b are shown in Table 4.

Peak Factor.
e peak factor represents the instantaneous intensity of fluctuating wind. It is defined as the ratio of the difference between the maximum wind speed and the 10-minute mean wind speed in the gust interval (t g ) and the standard deviation of the pulsating anemometer: where g u and g v are the longitudinal and lateral peak factors, respectively, and U t g and ϭ i represent the average maximum wind speed in t g and the standard deviation of longitudinal fluctuating wind speed, respectively. Figure 10 shows the variation of peak factor with mean wind speed at the east and west measuring points. It can be seen that the variation trend of peak factor with mean wind speed is very similar to that of gust factor. e average values of longitudinal and lateral peak factors in the east are 2.86 and 0.13, while the average values of longitudinal and lateral peak factors in the west are 2.84 and 0.43. To study the relationship between peak factor and gust factor, the variation curve of gust factor with peak factor is shown in Figure 11. It can be seen from the figure that the longitudinal and lateral gust factors increase with the increase of the peak factor at the points on both sides, and there is an obvious positive correlation between the two parameters. According to the variation trend of gust factor with peak factor, the longitudinal direction and lateral direction are fitted by linear fitting and polynomial function fitting, and then the fitting parameters obtained from the east and west side points are averaged, and the following expression is obtained:

Coherence Function.
e coherence coefficient of fluctuating wind reflects its spatial correlation. Davenport considered that the coherence coefficient followed an exponential function and proposed an empirical expression for the correlation coefficient of fluctuating wind speed [42]: where Δz is approximately 0. us, (8) can be simplified as where Coh (f ) and C y are the coherence and attenuation coefficients, respectively; f and Δy are the frequency and distance between the two anemometers, respectively.  Shock and Vibration Figure 12 shows the variation in the longitudinal and lateral attenuation coefficients with the mean wind speed. It is observed that the longitudinal and lateral attenuation coefficients exhibit discreteness with the mean wind speed, and a change law cannot be observed, which is consistent with data from Typhoon "Muifa" [43]. e average longitudinal and lateral attenuation coefficients are 10.71 and 7.43, respectively. e longitudinal attenuation coefficient is larger and the lateral attenuation coefficient is smaller than the corresponding results for Typhoon "Mei Hua." Figure 13 shows the fitting of the measured longitudinal and lateral fluctuating wind coherence coefficients and empirical curves at the two sides. It is observed that the measured coherence coefficient of the fluctuating wind fits well with the empirical curve in both the longitudinal and lateral directions, indicating that Davenport's empirical   3.6. Autocorrelation. Autocorrelation analysis determines the dependence of the instantaneous value at one time on the instantaneous value at another time in the same signal sequence. For a stationary signal process, the autocorrelation function and the time difference can be expressed as shown in the following equation: where R xx , τ, and X (t) are the autocorrelation function, time difference, and time series, respectively. Figure 14 shows the variation curves for the autocorrelation coefficients of the longitudinal and lateral fluctuating wind speed components at the east and west measuring points. e autocorrelation coefficient decreases with an increase in the time difference at the two measuring points, regardless of the longitudinal or lateral direction, indicating that the dependence of the instantaneous values at the two time points gradually decreases with an increase in the time difference. e decay rate of the longitudinal autocorrelation coefficient with a time difference is less than the decay rate of the lateral autocorrelation coefficient. e results show that the dependence of the longitudinal direction fluctuation

Conclusion
Based on the analysis of Typhoon Fung-Wong in Wenzhou, the main findings of this study are summarized as follows: (1) e results show that the longitudinal and lateral turbulence intensities decrease with an increase in the mean wind speed, and the discreteness of the west measuring points is greater than that of the east measuring points. e lateral turbulence intensity increases with an increase in the longitudinal turbulence intensity; there is an obvious positive correlation. With different wind speeds, the turbulence intensity decreases with an increase in wind distance, and the attenuation coefficient increases with a decrease in turbulence intensity.
(2) e longitudinal and lateral gust factors gradually decrease with an increase in the mean wind speed, and the decreasing trend is more obvious in the cross-wind direction. e longitudinal gust factor is significantly larger than the lateral gust factor. e longitudinal and lateral gust factors decrease with time, and the attenuation speed decreases with a decrease in the gust factor. (3) e peak factors of the longitudinal and lateral arrays decrease with an increase in the mean wind speed, and the decreasing trend is more obvious in the cross-wind direction. ere is a significant correlation between the gust factor and the peak factor. e vertical and horizontal fitting results for the two parameters are G u � 1.01g u − 0.63 and G v � −0.76g 2 v +3.72g v − 3.01, respectively. can be obtained from the field measured data, the value of one-time results is limited due to the strong randomness and fluctuation of wind. erefore, it is of great significance to obtain wind characteristic database by long-term monitoring and research by wind tunnel test.

Data Availability
e data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.