The Scientific World Journal

Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 573014, 8 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/573014

Research Article

A Novel Evaluation Method for Building Construction Project Based on Integrated Information Entropy with Reliability Theory

Xiao-ping Bai and Xi-wei Zhang

School of Management, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an Shanxi 710055, China

Received 8 January 2013; Accepted 28 January 2013

Academic Editors: D. Choudhury and Z. Guan

Copyright © 2013 Xiao-ping Bai and Xi-wei Zhang. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Selecting construction schemes of the building engineering project is a complex multiobjective optimization decision process, in which many indexes need to be selected to find the optimum scheme. Aiming at this problem, this paper selects cost, progress, quality, and safety as the four first-order evaluation indexes, uses the quantitative method for the cost index, uses integrated qualitative and quantitative methodologies for progress, quality, and safety indexes, and integrates engineering economics, reliability theories, and information entropy theory to present a new evaluation method for building construction project. Combined with a practical case, this paper also presents detailed computing processes and steps, including selecting all order indexes, establishing the index matrix, computing score values of all order indexes, computing the synthesis score, sorting all selected schemes, and making analysis and decision. Presented method can offer valuable references for risk computing of building construction projects.

1. Introduction

The evaluation decision of building construction schemes is a complex multiobjective and multifactor problem, selecting a reasonable goal structure system of evaluation schemes and the optimal scheme is very important in the building construction decision process [1].

Until now, there have been many references studying the optimization decision problem of building construction schemes, and many concepts about it have been set up. Among them, some research results only aim at the small range special field; for example, some researchers study pit bracing construction scheme decision problem [2]. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a common method; however, its convictive power is not strong enough because it lacks quantitative data analysis [3–5]. In [6], authors integrated value engineering principle with technical and economic factors to make evaluating and decision making of construction schemes, its advantage is more considering evaluation factors included in construction schemes, but the selection of evaluation values is fuzzy [6]. In addition, grey correlation [7], minimum variance [8], fuzzy decision, projection pursuit, and other methods are also used in decision-making of project schemes [9, 10].

The optimization decision-making evaluation of construction schemes is a multiobjective process; many targets should be analyzed. Some references select cost, progress, quality, and reliability as evaluation targets, such as in [11, 12], analysis of time-cost-quality tradeoff optimization in construction project management is presented [11, 12], but on the whole there is a shortage of systematic deep discussion, and qualitative study is dominant.

Reliability method is rarely used in the decision making of construction schemes, which is usually simply mentioned in three elements of the project in management references. In [13], reliability method is applied in the evaluation of the construction procedure [13].

In multiobjective optimization decision-making evaluation of projects, the relatively important degree of each evaluation index usually should be considered. The most direct and simple method expressing the important degree of each evaluation target is to give each target relevant weight. The entropy is a very ideal criterion to be applied for evaluating different decision-making processes. Applying the entropy principle to determine the weights of evaluation indexes has the scientific and the accuracy nature. In 1991, two Chinese scholars GU Changyao and QIU Wanhua firstly defined complex entropy and apply it in decision analysis. In 1994, QIU Wanhua also presents group decision-making complex entropy model [14].

In [15], the authors presented the evolution of concepts, an overview of research and applications pertaining to reliability in construction production, and the use of reserves, robust itineraries, and contingency of time and cost. It describes areas of management advisory systems in relation to the cycle of risk analysis [15].

In [16], a biobjective genetic algorithm was employed to solve the multiperiod network optimization problem, and a numerical example shows that the optimal coordination saves more than 50% of waste in system costs, compared to the worst-case scenario [16].

Making use of many existed studying results, this paper integrates engineering economics, risk and reliability theories, and information entropy theory to present a set of detailed engineering management decision methods of building construction projects combined with the concrete example. Presented detailed methods and steps can offer the reference for engineering management decision of building construction projects.

On the basis of summarizing and absorbing some existed references, this paper selected engineering cost, progress, quality, and safety as first-order criterion indexes, shown in Figure 1. For every first-order criterion index, further extended analysis calculation was done.

Figure 1: The multiobjective evaluation chart of building project construction schemes.

2. Calculating Cost of Building Construction Schemes

Combined with practical engineering experiences, the building construction cost of engineering projects includes direct cost and indirect cost. The direct cost also includes direct labor cost (), direct material cost (), direct mechanical cost (), and direct measure cost (). The indirect cost () includes building construction stipulated expense and enterprise administration expense. The detail composition of building construction cost can be expressed by Table 1.

Table 1: The detailed composition of building construction cost.

The total building construction cost

Direct cost

    Direct labor cost ()

        Basic wage ()

        Wage allowance ()

        Auxiliary wage ()

        Welfare expense ()

        Labor protection expense ()

    Direct material cost ()

        Material initial cost ()

        Material transportation miscellaneous cost ()

        Transportation loss cost ()

        Purchasing and storage cost ()

        Material inspection and testing cost ()

    Direct mechanical cost ()

        Mechanical depreciation cost ()

        Repair cost ()

        Installing/removing and external transportation cost ()

        Mechanical labor cost ()

        Fuel power cost ()

        Road toll and vehicle and vessel subsidy expenses ()

    Direct measure cost ()

        Environmental protection expense ()

        Civilized construction expense ()

        Safe construction expense ()

        Temporary construction expense ()

        Night construction expense ()

        Large-scale mechanical equipment inside and out expense

         ()

        Concrete formwork expense ()

        Scaffold expense ()

        Equipment protection expense ()

        Dewatering expense ()

Indirect cost ()

        Construction stipulated expense ()

        Enterprise administration expense ()

The total building construction cost can be calculated by

3. Calculating the Progress Score Value of Building Construction Schemes Combined with Reliability Theory

Combined with practical engineering experiences, this paper divided the whole building construction project engineering into 10 first-order progress segments; moreover, the first-order progress segment is divided into detailed second-order progress segments, as shown in Table 2. The progress score value of every second-order progress segment can be given out directly by domain experts.

Table 2: The detailed segment composition of building construction progress.

Construction progress

First-order progress influence factor segments
Second-order progress influence factor segments
Progress score value

Site leveling progress ()
Scene investigation progress ()

Removing obstacle progress ()

Calibrating range, setting benchmarks, and grid progress ()

Measuring elevation progress ()

Calculating earthwork cut and fill engineering quantities progress ()

Land leveling progress ()

Field compaction progress ()

Ground foundation progress ()
Earth excavation progress ()

Cushion placement progress ()

Foundation placement progress ()

Foundation wall placement progress ()

Base pillar, ground ring beam progress ()

Backfilling earthwork progress ()

Body engineering progress ()
Reinforcement engineering progress ()

Formwork engineering progress ()

Concrete engineering progress ()

Masonry engineering progress ()

Roof engineering progress ()
Clean up, leveling progress ()

Processing insulation layer progress ()

Waterproofing and drainage progress ()

Setting qualified seaming progress ()

Ventilation, exhaust progress ()

Decoration and fitment progress ()
Groundwater seepage test of bathroom and kitchen progress ()

Laying chisel trough and circuit pipeline progress ()

Sealing and burying trunk progress ()

Decoration and fitment progress of public wall ()

Installing doors and windows progress ()

Water, electricity, and HVAC progress ()
Water supply and sewerage progress ()

Laying circuit progress ()

Installing heating progress ()

Water, heating, and electrical test progress ()

Equipment installation progress ()
Installing elevator progress ()

Installing fire-fighting equipment progress ()

Installing emergency device progress ()

Goods transportation progress ()
Goods transportation scheme 1 progress ()

Goods transportation scheme 2 progress ()

Goods transportation scheme 3 progress ()

Environmental factor progress ()
Natural environment factor progress ()

Social environment factor progress ()

Other factors progress ()
Construction design drawings change progress ()

Construction machinery, materials changes progress ()

Progress affected by weak supervision ()

Progress affected by supply failure of the municipal system ()

Progress affected by great political and social activities ()

The total progress score value can be calculated by

where is the sum of progress score value of the first-order progress segment.

For calculating , the authors make use of related knowledge in reliability theory. Considering that the progress relations of various second-order progress segments among goods transportation progress () are parallel, so can be calculated by

For other except for , the progress relation of various second-order progress segments are a series, so except for can be calculated by

where is the number of second-order progress segments among the first-order progress segment.

4. Calculating Quality Score Value of Building Construction Schemes Combined with Reliability Theory

The authors divide the whole building construction project engineering into 7 first-order influence quality factor segments. Every first-order influence quality factor segment is divided into detailed second-order segments, as shown in Table 3.

Table 3: The detailed quality influence factor segment composition of the building construction schemes.

Engineering quality

First-order influence quality factor segments
Second-order influence quality factor segments
Quality score value

Site leveling quality segment ()
Machinery performance influence quality segment ()

Measuring tool influence quality segment ()

Climate influence quality segment ()

Worker influence quality segment ()

Ground and foundation quality segment ()
Equipment performance influence quality segment ()

Materials reliability influence quality segment ()

Personnel quality influence quality segment ()

Drawings reliability influence quality segment ()

Construction plans influence quality segment ()

Construction technology influence quality segment ()

Construction environment influence quality segment ()

Main body engineering quality segment ()
Construction machinery influence quality segment ()

Construction technology influence quality segment ()

Manager's quality influence quality segment ()

Construction technique maturation influence quality segment ()

Construction materials influence quality segment ()

Construction worker technology influence quality segment ()

Construction drawing reliability influence quality segment ()

Decoration and fitment engineering quality segment ()
Decoration and fitment material influence quality segment ()

Construction worker influence quality segment ()

Constructor influence quality segment ()

Construction equipment influence quality segment ()

Building roof quality segment ()
Waterproof and thermal insulation material reliability influence quality segment ()

Construction technology and procedure influence quality segment ()

Working environment influence quality segment ()

Building water supply and drainage, heating quality segment ()
Water supply and drainage, heating ventilating pipe influence quality segment ()

Constructor technology level influence quality segment ()

Construction technology influence quality segment ()

Building equipment and installation quality segment ()

Equipment reliability influence quality segment ()

Professional technology constructor influence quality segment ()

For calculating the quality score value of every second-order influence quality factor segment, this paper divides them into two types; one type can be calculated by related reliability method, including collecting failure data, putting forward hypotheses by the frequency histogram, estimating parameters, and testing hypothesis. The other type can be calculated by the expert evaluation method.

Combined with practical engineering knowledge, the quality relations of various second-order quality segments included in every first-order quality segment are a series, so the quality score value of every first-order quality segment can be calculated by

where is the number of second-order quality segments among the first-order quality segment.

The total quality score value can be calculated by

5. Calculating Safety Score Value of Building Construction Schemes

Factors affecting building construction safety mainly include direct factor and indirect factor. Direct factors include human factor, matter factor, and environment factor; indirect factors include management factor, and it is caused by three direct factors. This paper further analyzes three direct factors; the detailed composition of building construction safety influence factor is shown in Table 4.

Table 4: The detailed composition of building construction safety influence factor.

Human safety factor ()
Matter safety factor ()
Environment safety factor ()

Not wearing security protection apparatus ()
Not setting safety protection ()
Construction natural conditions ()

Unsafe costume ()
Incorrect safety protection and dice marking ()
Narrow construction work surface ()

Wrong mechanical operation ()
Mechanical equipment being in the unsafe state ()
Disorderly construction yard ()

Ignoring safety warning ()
Mechanical equipment being in nonnormal state ()
Artificial lighting in the night is lacking ()

Using unsafe equipment ()
The material stacked in the unsafe state ()
Wrong operation process design ()

Body or spirit reason ()
Having harmful material ()
Bad ventilation ()

Rash advance operation ()

Improper protection for traffic line ()

Being in unsafe site ()

Error handling of dangerous goods ()

In this paper, the safety score value can be calculated by

where expresses the possibility risk degree index caused by unsafe factors in safety factor, expresses the probability risk degree index caused by unsafe factor, and expresses the produced result risk degree index after the accident in safety factor. The value of three indexes can be obtained by experts according to Table 5.

Table 5: Taking value of three risk degree indexes.

Possibility
Probability
Result

Caused accident possibility
Taking the value of M
Caused accident probability
Taking the value of P
The result caused by accident
Taking the value of F

Sustainably occur
10
Very large possible occurrence
10
Extreme large accident, shutdown, and rectification
10

Often occur
8
Large possible occurrence
8
Very large accident, causing death
9

Occur for many times
6
Possible occurrence
6
Severe accident, having severe injury
7

Occur in a few times
5
Occur for once a while
5
Accident, having slight injury
5

Occur for very few times
3
Rare occurrence
3
Small accident, having minor injures
3

Basically not occur
1
Basically impossible
1
Very small accident, no injury
1

The total quality score value can be calculated by

6. Case Studies and Synthesis Computational Method Based on Integrated Information Entropy with Reliability Theory

6.1. Case Analysis

Taking a building construction engineering project, for example, it is located in the third ring road east section of a city outskirt, has convenient traffic environment. There are residential buildings on the east, west, and north sides of this project; a Greenbelt Park is located in the south side of it. The total land area is 15 acres, the plot ratio is 2.1, and it is planned to be completed in one stage. The building engineering construction will begin on March 1, 2013; the planned construction period is 12 months.

The construction scheme 1 is described as follows. The expected period of engineering construction is 12 months. The month construction completed rate of this scheme, respectively, is 8%, 10%, 11%, 10 %, 8%, 8%, 10%, 11%, 8%, 6%, 6%, and 4%. The month construction progresses in winter and summer is slower than other months because of the effects of the natural environment.

In construction scheme 2, the expected period of engineering construction is 11 months. The month construction completed rate of this scheme, respectively, is 9%, 11%, 11%, 11%, 9%, 9%, 12%, 11%, 8%, 8%, and 7%.

In construction scheme 3, the expected period of engineering construction is 11 months. The month construction completed rate of this scheme, respectively, is 9%, 10%, 11%, 10%, 9%, 8%, 10%, 10%, 8%, 7%, 6%, and 2%.

In construction scheme  4, the expected period of engineering construction is 12 months. The month construction completed rate of this scheme, respectively, is 7%, 9%, 9%, 9%, 8%, 8%, 10%, 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, and 6%.

According to Table 1 and formula (1) to calculate, respectively, the cost of 4 construction schemes, the result is shown in Table 6.

Table 6: The calculated cost value of 4 construction schemes (unit: ten thousand yuan).

Scheme 1
89.70
110.85
69.80
13.52
22.71

Scheme 2
76.80
121.90
73.75
13.62
22.89

Scheme 3
81.45
115.37
60.15
12.85
21.59

Scheme 4
79.45
118.69
70.23
13.42
22.54

According to Table 2, formula (2), (3), and (4) to calculate, respectively, progress score value of 4 building construction schemes, the result is shown in Table 7.

Table 7: The calculated progress score value of 4 building construction schemes.

Scheme 1
Scheme 2
Scheme 3
Scheme 4

0.98
0.96
0.98
0.97

0.92
0.93
0.94
0.95

0.97
0.95
0.86
0.95

0.87
0.86
0.92
0.98

0.99
0.87
0.95
0.95

0.96
0.91
0.89
0.88

0.89
0.97
0.97
0.93

0.95
0.94
0.97
0.94

0.92
0.98
0.86
0.89

0.93
0.91
0.94
0.93

0.99
0.98
0.89
0.92

0.98
0.92
0.99
0.89

0.88
0.97
0.97
0.99

0.98
0.87
0.95
0.91

0.94
0.95
0.92
0.98

0.97
0.88
0.92
0.87

0.91
0.86
0.94
0.87

0.89
0.91
0.91
0.92

0.92
0.87
0.96
0.98

0.89
0.89
0.88
0.96

0.92
0.94
0.91
0.87

0.97
0.85
0.90
0.96

0.88
0.98
0.94
0.87

0.85
0.91
0.87
0.91

0.98
0.94
0.86
0.92

0.89
0.95
0.86
0.86

0.99
0.91
0.91
0.92

0.86
0.88
0.87
0.96

0.98
0.96
0.89
0.98

0.92
0.88
0.90
0.92

0.91
0.91
0.90
0.95

0.90
0.93
0.88
0.95

0.88
0.95
0.91
0.94

0.92
0.86
0.90
0.85

0.89
0.91
0.91
0.85

0.92
0.88
0.94
0.88

0.88
0.90
0.86
0.96

0.86
0.93
0.96
0.99

0.89
0.95
0.95
0.86

0.89
0.87
0.96
0.88

0.85
0.85
0.89
0.98

0.93
0.94
0.98
0.91

0.94
0.97
0.91
0.89

0.98
0.88
0.93
0.86

According to Table 3, formula (5) and (6) to calculate, respectively, quality score value of 4 building construction schemes, the result is shown in Table 8.

Table 8: The calculated quality score value of 4 building construction schemes.

Scheme 1
Scheme 2
Scheme 3
Scheme 4

0.97
0.92
0.96
0.90

0.93
0.91
0.98
0.93

0.99
0.91
0.97
0.96

0.92
0.94
0.98
0.96

0.93
0.97
0.97
0.98

0.95
0.93
0.94
0.99

0.94
0.99
0.91
0.93

0.91
0.97
0.96
0.92

0.91
0.94
0.96
0.96

0.94
0.96
0.96
0.98

0.92
0.97
0.93
0.90

0.98
0.97
0.97
0.91

0.91
0.98
0.92
0.92

0.95
0.90
0.97
0.93

0.92
0.92
0.91
0.97

0.95
0.91
0.91
0.97

0.91
0.96
0.96
0.90

0.95
0.93
0.98
0.95

0.94
0.98
0.98
0.92

0.92
0.97
0.97
0.93

0.92
0.94
0.98
0.95

0.93
0.94
0.93
0.96

0.90
0.92
0.91
0.94

0.96
0.96
0.95
0.91

0.94
0.98
0.96
0.96

0.97
0.94
0.91
0.93

0.90
0.94
0.92
0.97

0.96
0.98
0.96
0.94

0.92
0.92
0.93
0.98

0.90
0.93
0.92
0.94

According to Tables 4 and 5, and formula (7) and (8) to calculate, respectively, safety score value of 4 building construction schemes, the result is shown in Table 9.

Table 9: The calculated safety score value of 4 building construction schemes.

Schemes
Scheme 1
Scheme 2
Scheme 3
Scheme 4

Risk degree indexes

5
8
3
8
5
5
6
5
3
1
5
3

8
3
2
4
1
7
5
8
2
5
7
2

6
1
5
8
6
3
4
4
3
2
8
3

8
1
1
7
6
4
8
4
2
9
2
3

2
6
3
6
3
9
3
7
6
6
8
5

5
4
5
4
3
3
1
5
7
7
3
1

5
6
7
5
3
3
2
5
2
1
5
8

5
5
9
7
6
4
4
7
7
5
5
5

5
7
7
8
3
8
7
4
5
1
8
6

6
5
4
5
2
3
5
6
5
3
7
9

8
6
2
2
9
1
1
3
1
5
3
8

8
9
4
9
4
7
4
1
9
5
8
4

8
6
5
2
1
5
4
9
4
9
1
9

2
8
4
8
7
2
8
8
4
8
1
3

6
6
1
9
7
2
3
7
6
8
6
3

5
8
3
8
5
4
2
6
8
3
4
9

5
6
3
8
3
7
6
7
2
9
7
7

5
8
1
6
2
1
5
4
9
2
8
9

1
3
8
7
2
8
6
8
2
2
1
5

8
3
2
2
3
6
5
6
9
7
4
9

1
5
9
8
3
2
1
2
5
7
7
8

6
7
7
3
1
2
5
5
8
8
5
4

According to above detailed calculating methods and steps, the result is shown as a calculated total value of 4 indexes including cost, progress, quality, and safety of 4 building construction schemes, as shown in Table 10.

Table 10: The calculated total value of 4 indexes including cost, progress, quality, and safety of 4 building construction schemes.

Cost
Progress
Quality
Safety

Scheme 1
306.58
0.192
0.233
2527.00

Scheme 2
308.96
0.173
0.291
2233.00

Scheme 3
291.40
0.203
0.368
2450.00

Scheme 4
304.33
0.172
0.260
2886.00

6.2. Detailed Computing Steps of Entropy Weight

Regarding a multiobjective decision making problem that has selected schemes and evaluation indexes, detailed computing steps of entropy weight are as follows.

(1) Establishe evaluation index matrix including each evaluation index and corresponding evaluation value:

(2) Standardize evaluation index matrix.

For the index that is “the bigger, the better,” the standardized value of the evaluation index can be calculated by

For the index that is “the smaller, the better,” the standardized value of the evaluation index can be calculated by

So the standardized decision-making matrix (, ) can be obtained.

(3) Calculate the entropy value of each evaluation index:

(4) Calculate the comprehensive feudatory degree of each evaluation object:

6.3. Calculations Combined with Case

Standardizes evaluation index matrix composed of value in Table 10. Cost and safety indexes are ones that is “the smaller, the better”, making use of a formula (11) to calculate. Progress and quality indexes are ones that is “the bigger, the better”, making use of a formula (10) to calculate. The standardization result is shown in Table 11”.

Table 11: The standardization result of 4 building construction schemes based on 4 decision indexes.

Cost
Progress
Quality
Safety

Scheme 1
0.136
0.645
0.001
0.55

Scheme 2
0.001
0.032
0.430
1.00

Scheme 3
1.000
1.000
1.000
0.67

Scheme 4
0.264
0.001
0.200
0.01

Making use of formula (12) and (13) to calculate the entropy value and entropy weight of 4 schemes, the result is shown in Table 12.

Table 12: The calculated entropy value and entropy weight of 4 schemes.

Indexes
Cost
Progress
Quality
Safety

Entropy value ()
0.678
0.567
0.873
0.413

Entropy weighs ()
0.219
0.295
0.087
0.400

Calculates comprehensive feudatory degree of each evaluation scheme by formula (14) are shown as follows:

7. Conclusions

Based on the above calculation results, 4 building construction project schemes can be selected according to such sequence: Scheme 3 > Scheme 2 > Scheme 1 > Scheme  4. Generally, the optimization decision of building construction schemes is usually multiobjective optimization decision-making problem affected by many factors. This paper selects cost, progress, quality, safety as the four first-order evaluation indexes, and further deployment analyses of these indexes integrate engineering economics, risk and reliability theories, and information entropy theory to present a new evaluation optimization method for building construction projects based on integrated information entropy with the reliability theory combined with a case study. Presented detailed methods and steps can offer the reference for engineering management decision for the building construction projects.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported in part by NSFC (59874019), Shanxi Province Education Department Research Project (12JK0803), Shanxi Province Key Discipline Construction Special Fund Subsidized Project (E08001), Shanxi Province Higher Education Philosophical Social Science Key Research Base Construction Special Fund Subsidized Project (DA08046), and Shanxi Province Higher Education Philosophical Social Science Characteristic Discipline Construction Special Fund Subsidized Project (E08003, E08005).

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