An analysis of the yield of eleutherosides B and E in
There have been many studies on the activities of eleutherosides B and E. Eleutherosides B and E have been reported to have protective effects against amyloid
This study, therefore, analyzed eleutherosides B and E in
Sample collection fractions by plant section (a) and by upper and lower parts of plants (b).
Tilling was carried out on March 20, during which fully fermented compost (1,500 kg/10a) was added to the soil, and
Evaporation was conducted using an Eyela rotary evaporator system (Tokyo, Japan) under reflux
The air-dried powdered stems of
Eleutheroside B (
Eleutheroside E (
To analyze the eleutherosides B (
HPLC separation of eleutherosides B (
A stock solution (1 mg/mL) of each eleutherosides B (
Data for each sample was expressed as mean ± SD. ANOVA using the SAS Enterprise Guide software was calculated and the significance between the means of each group was determined using Duncan’s multiple test.
Content analysis of eleutherosides B (
Chemical structures of eleutherosides B (
HPLC was used to separate eleutherosides B (
HPLC chromatograms of standards of eleutherosides B (
The total eleutherosides B (
The contents of eleutherosides B (
Sample | Plant section* | Content (mg/g) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
Total | ||
|
Ps-1 | — | 5.841 ± 0.054a | 5.841 ± 0.054 |
Ps-2 | — | 3.443 ± 0.147c | 3.443 ± 0.147 | |
Ps-3 | — | 3.922 ± 0.019b | 3.922 ± 0.019 | |
Ps-4 | 0.034 ± 0.013 | 3.078 ± 0.046d | 3.112 ± 0.059 | |
Ps-5 | — | 2.466 ± 0.060e | 2.466 ± 0.060 | |
|
||||
|
Ps-1 | 3.229 ± 0.101b | 3.722 ± 0.008a | 6.951 ± 0.109 |
Ps-2 | 2.482 ± 0.021e | 1.857 ± 0.010d | 4.339 ± 0.031 | |
Ps-3 | 2.601 ± 0.020d | 1.822 ± 0.004e | 4.423 ± 0.024 | |
Ps-4 | 3.080 ± 0.036c | 2.365 ± 0.004c | 5.445 ± 0.040 | |
Ps-5 | 3.801 ± 0.013a | 3.559 ± 0.020b | 7.360 ± 0.033 |
Data are presented as the mean ± SD (
Means followed by the different superscript letters (a–e) are significantly different by Duncan's multiple range tests.
The total eleutherosides B (
The contents of eleutherosides B (
Sample | Pinching* | Content (mg/g) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
Total | ||
|
Upper part | |||
30 cm | Trace | 6.827 ± 0.007 | 6.827 ± 0.007 | |
60 cm | Trace | 6.301 ± 0.007 | 6.301 ± 0.007 | |
Lower part | ||||
30 cm | Trace | 11.506 ± 0.012 | 11.506 ± 0.012 | |
60 cm | 0.011 ± 0.008 | 7.847 ± 0.007 | 7.858 ± 0.015 | |
|
||||
|
Upper part | |||
30 cm | 4.735 ± 0.521 | 3.112 ± 0.003 | 7.847 ± 0.524 | |
60 cm | 2.188 ± 0.025 | 1.698 ± 0.008 | 3.886 ± 0.033 | |
Lower part | ||||
30 cm | 3.099 ± 0.024 | 1.340 ± 0.003 | 4.439 ± 0.027 | |
60 cm | 2.497 ± 0.008 | 1.664 ± 0.007 | 4.161 ± 0.015 |
Data are presented as the mean ± SD (
The contents of eleutherosides B (
Sample | Planting time | Content (mg/g) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
Total | ||
|
Upper part | |||
March 30 | Trace | 6.491 ± 0.012 | 6.491 ± 0.012 | |
April 15 | 0.005 ± 0.002 | 4.285 ± 0.006 | 4.290 ± 0.008 | |
April 30 | 0.016 ± 0.001 | 6.510 ± 0.015 | 6.526 ± 0.016 | |
Lower part | ||||
March 30 | — | 3.769 ± 0.004 | 3.769 ± 0.004 | |
April 15 | 0.002 ± 0.001 | 3.985 ± 0.007 | 3.987 ± 0.008 | |
April 30 | Trace | 10.083 ± 0.012 | 10.083 ± 0.012 | |
|
||||
|
Upper part | |||
March 30 | 3.378 ± 0.012 | 2.315 ± 0.014 | 5.693 ± 0.026 | |
April 15 | 2.436 ± 0.015 | 2.110 ± 0.016 | 4.546 ± 0.031 | |
April 30 | 2.834 ± 0.007 | 2.349 ± 0.007 | 5.183 ± 0.014 | |
Lower part | ||||
March 30 | 3.590 ± 0.033 | 2.939 ± 0.013 | 6.529 ± 0.046 | |
April 15 | 1.887 ± 0.035 | 1.768 ± 0.012 | 3.655 ± 0.047 | |
April 30 | 3.225 ± 0.028 | 2.915 ± 0.024 | 6.140 ± 0.052 |
Plant divisions and data presentation are as shown in Table
The contents of eleutherosides B (
Sample | Fertilizer ratio | Content (mg/g) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
Total | ||
|
Upper part | |||
N-P-K | 0.006 ± 0.003 | 5.623 ± 0.001 | 5.629 ± 0.004 | |
2N-P-K | 0.008 ± 0.001 | 5.280 ± 0.006 | 5.288 ± 0.007 | |
N-2P-K | Trace | 6.905 ± 0.021 | 6.905 ± 0.021 | |
N-P-2K | 0.018 ± 0.007 | 4.399 ± 0.022 | 4.417 ± 0.029 | |
2N-2P-2K | Trace | 5.711 ± 0.007 | 5.711 ± 0.007 | |
Lower part | ||||
N-P-K | Trace | 6.865 ± 0.007 | 6.865 ± 0.007 | |
2N-P-K | 0.012 ± 0.006 | 3.640 ± 0.008 | 3.652 ± 0.014 | |
N-2P-K | 0.013 ± 0.004 | 7.214 ± 0.022 | 7.227 ± 0.026 | |
N-P-2K | Trace | 7.011 ± 0.008 | 7.011 ± 0.008 | |
2N-2P-2K | Trace | 6.976 ± 0.006 | 6.976 ± 0.006 | |
|
||||
|
Upper part | |||
N-P-K | 4.798 ± 0.030 | 3.101 ± 0.030 | 7.899 ± 0.060 | |
2N-P-K | 3.203 ± 0.022 | 2.902 ± 0.030 | 6.105 ± 0.052 | |
N-2P-K | 2.137 ± 0.024 | 2.454 ± 0.008 | 4.591 ± 0.032 | |
N-P-2K | 3.473 ± 0.017 | 2.451 ± 0.012 | 5.924 ± 0.029 | |
2N-2P-2K | 6.314 ± 0.007 | 3.794 ± 0.022 | 10.108 ± 0.029 | |
Lower part | ||||
N-P-K | 2.083 ± 0.020 | 2.848 ± 0.027 | 4.931 ± 0.047 | |
2N-P-K | 1.615 ± 0.039 | 2.219 ± 0.006 | 3.834 ± 0.045 | |
N-2P-K | 2.707 ± 0.044 | 2.494 ± 0.005 | 5.201 ± 0.049 | |
N-P-2K | 1.855 ± 0.018 | 2.088 ± 0.015 | 3.943 ± 0.033 | |
2N-2P-2K | 4.918 ± 0.018 | 4.161 ± 0.008 | 9.079 ± 0.026 |
Plant divisions and data presentation are as shown in Table
A previous paper reported that eleutherosides B (
The best conditions to increase the eleutherosides B (
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
This work was carried out with the support of Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture Science & Technology Development (Project no. PJ010156022014), Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea. The authors specifically thank the staff and crew of the National Center for Inter-University Research Facilities (Seoul National University) for assistance with the NMR and GC/MS experiments.