The Scientific World Journal

Volume 2014 (2014), Article ID 523979, 8 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/523979

Review Article

The MicroRNAs as Prognostic Biomarkers for Survival in Esophageal Cancer: A Meta-Analysis

Wenbo Fu,1,2 Lijuan Pang,³ Yunzhao Chen,³ Lan Yang,³ Janbo Zhu,³ and Yutao Wei2,4

¹Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, China

²Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Hospital of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps , Urumchi, Xinjiang 830002, China

³Department of Pathology, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, China

⁴Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, First Hospital Affiliated to Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, China

Received 14 March 2014; Revised 24 May 2014; Accepted 18 June 2014; Published 6 July 2014

Academic Editor: Manuela Ferracin

Copyright © 2014 Wenbo Fu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Objectives. We performed this meta-analysis to summarize all the results from available studies, aiming delineating the prognostic role of miRNA in esophageal cancer. Design and Methods. We searched the electronic databases PubMed, EMBASE, and ISI Web of Science without time restrictions for the correlative literature to aggregate the survival results. Relevant data were extracted from studies investigating the relationship between miRNAs expression and survival in esophageal cancer patients. Pooled hazard ratios of miR-21and miR-375 for OS in ESCC were calculated. Results. A total of 25 studies involving 2,258 subjects analyzed the relationship between miRNA and prognosis of EC. In all, thirty-nine miRNAs associated with prognosis were reported in these studies. The pooled HR of higher miR-21 expression compared with lower miR-21 expression in ESCC was 1.84 (95% CI: 1.41–2.40, ), which could significantly predict poorer OS in ESCC. Besides, higher miR-375 was also a significant predictor for OS in ESCC, with a pooled HR of 0.55 (95% CI: 0.42–0.72, ). Conclusions. Our results support that miR-21 and miR-375 have a prognostic role in ESCC and may be useful therapeutic targets for the treatment of ESCC and meticulous follow-up for early detection of recurrence.

1. Introduction

Esophageal cancer (EC) represents an interesting but a very lethal group of malignancies associated with varied risk factors and geographical distribution [1]. EC is the sixth most common cancer and the sixth leading cause of cancer death in human worldwide, affecting men more than women [2]. According to a new study, there were estimated 482,300 new EC cases and 406,800 EC-caused deaths in 2008 worldwide [3]. The deadly disease is often diagnosed at later stages, and the survival rate for affected patients is very low, ranging from 10% in Europe [4] to 20–30% in Asia [5], so that the prognosis of affected patients is unsatisfactory, despite the development of therapeutic options such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, highlighting the need to identify novel biomarkers for early detection and prognostic classification [6].

Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) have attracted attention for their involvement in cell development, differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis by targeting mRNAs for cleavage or translational repression at the posttranscriptional level [7]. The miRNAs are a class of small, approximately 23 nucleotide noncoding RNAs that are highly conserved and endogenously expressed across mammals and other species [8]. These little molecules are transcribed in the nucleus and are subsequently cleaved by the class II RNase III enzyme Drosha to produce pre-miRNAs [9]; these pre-miRNAs are then exported to the cytoplasm where the RNase III enzyme Dicer further processes them into mature miRNAs [7]. They act as part of a multiprotein complex to silence or repress the expression of target genes [10] and have emerged as a key component of posttranscriptional regulation [11]. Calin et al. [12] demonstrated that more than 50% of miRNA genes are located in fragile sites and cancer-associated genomic regions, suggesting that miRNAs may play a vital role in the pathogenesis of human cancers and are able to dramatically change the biological function of organisms. Growing evidence has indicated that aberrant expression of miRNAs has been linked to development and progression of cancer and has been shown to have prognostic significance in several tumor types, including colon [13], lung [14], breast [15], and ovarian cancer [16]. Recent studies showed that miRNAs are associated with prognosis in EC as well, suggesting that they could be developed as prognostic classifiers to guide therapeutic decisions [17, 18]. We performed the meta-analysis of the data available from articles published in this field with the main aim of evaluating the role of specific microRNA as a prognostic biomarker in EC.

2. Material and Methods

This meta-analysis followed the guidelines of the Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology group (MOOSE) issued by Stroup et al. [19] and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) criteria by Moher et al. [20].

2.1. Publication Search

We carefully searched the PubMed, EMBASE, and ISI Web of Science databases using the search terms “miRNA,” “microRNA,” “esophageal cancer,” “esophageal neoplasm,” “esophageal carcinoma,” “ESCC,” “prognos,” and “surviv” updated until January 15, 2014, and limited to English language papers. Furthermore, reference lists of retrieved articles and review articles were reviewed manually to identify missing relevant publications.

2.2. Eligibility Criteria

Two reviewers (Pang and Chen) independently assessed eligibility of the retrieved articles. The studies were included in the meta-analysis if they reported survival data in esophageal cancer patients, provided sufficient data for determining an estimate of HR and a 95% CI, and enrolled more than 20 patients, and study patients did not overlap with patients in other included articles. We did not assign each study a quality score, because no such score has received general agreement for use in a prognostic meta-analysis, especially of observational studies [21].

2.3. Data Extraction

Two reviewers (Zhu and Wei) independently extracted the data of the included studies. The following data was extracted: name of first author, year of publication, country, number of participants, study design, tumor stage, HR with 95% CI, and so forth. In the study reported by Zhao and colleagues [17], no HR or 95% CI were available; thus the HR and 95% CI were estimated from the value of the log rank test and the number of observed events in each group, or the Kaplan-Meier curve [22].

2.4. Statistical Analyses

For miRNAs evaluated appropriately in a single study, the summary HR (including 95% CI) represents the value reported in that study. For miRNAs that were evaluated appropriately in multiple studies, fixed effects summary HR and 95% CI were calculated by using the generic inverse variance method and the random effects model according to the D-L method [23]. Interstudy heterogeneity was assessed by the statistic [24]. By convention, an observed HR > 1 indicated worse outcome for the study group relative to the reference group and would be considered statistically significant if the 95% confidence interval did not overlap 1, with [25]. Articles that presented insufficient data to derive the HR and CI for OS and PFS/RFS were included in the systematic review (qualitative analysis) but excluded from the meta-analysis (quantitative analysis) [26]. Publication bias was weighted by Begg’s funnel plot with the Egger’s bias indicator test with being considered statistically significant [27]. All of the analyses were performed using STATA v11.0 (Stata Corp., College Station, TX) [28].

3. Result

Two-hundred and eighty-seven studies for miRNAs associated with prognosis were identified from a primary literature search in PubMed, EMBASE, and ISI Web of Science databases. After manually screening the titles, abstracts, and key data, two-hundred and sixty-six records were excluded because they were either duplicate, review articles, or irrelevant to the current study. Twenty-seven articles were further reviewed in detail. Two articles were further excluded because data were unavailable for further analysis [29, 30]. A total of 25 studies involving 2,258 subjects analyzed the relationship between miRNA and prognosis of EC (data was not shown). In all, thirty-nine miRNAs associated with prognosis were reported in these studies and miR-21, miR-145, and miR-375 were reported by more than three articles. There are four studies investigating the relationship between miR-145 and prognosis of EC. Pooled HR and 95% CI for miR-21/375 to predict OS in ESCC were calculated. Data were not synthesized for miR-145 because of different EC histology and types of survival analysis. Clinicopathological characteristics of eligible studies are summarized in Table 1. For miR-21, 5 of 7 studies were conducted in Asian population, 1 derived from multipopulation, and 1 study was performed in western population, which may lead to a discrepancy of ethnicity. One study included 50 patients, 3 studies examined between 51 and 100 individuals, and 3 studies examined between 100 and 200 individuals. Cancerous tissues were usually examined to determine miRNAs expression level, while plasma or serum samples were also tested in two studies [31, 32]. For miR-375, 4 of 6 studies were conducted in Asian population, 1 derived from multipopulation, and 1 study was performed in western population. One study included 50 patients, 2 studies examined between 51 and 100 individuals, and 3 studies examined between 100 and 200 individuals. Four studies investigate the relationship between miR-145 and prognosis of EC. All of the studies were retrospective in design. Notably, the cutoff values of miRNAs were different in each study, most with median or mean. More detailed information was summarized in Table 1.

Table 1: Clinicopathological characteristics of eligible studies.

miRNA
Study
Year
Population
Sample
Histology

Stage
PT (Y/N/U)
Sample collection
Control group
Gender

(M/F)
Age
Method
Kits
EC
Cutoff
HR
Result

miR-375
Komatsu
2012
Japan
Plasma
ESCC
50
I–IV
0/50/0
Prior to surgery
normal
44/6
≥65, 25; <65, 25
qRT-PCR
TaqMan
U6
Normal
R
OS

Kong
2012
China
Frozen
ESCC
60
I–IV
0/60/0
During resection
normal
43/17
≤66, 23; >66, 37
qRT-PCR
SYBR
SNORD48
Normal
SC
OS/DFS

Li, J
2013
China
FFPE
ESCC
249
I–IV
NG
Archive
ANT
136/113
≤60, 105; >60, 144
qRT-PCR
SYBR
18s
NG
SC
OS

Mathe
2009
Maryland
Frozen
AD
73
0–IV
45/27/1
During resection
ANT
63/10
<62, 39; ≥62, 34
qRT-PCR
TaqMan
U66
Median
R
OS

Canada
Frozen
AD
27
0–IV
0/27/0
During resection
ANT
26/1
<62, 12; ≥62, 15
qRT-PCR
TaqMan
U66
Median
R
OS

Maryland
Frozen
ESCC
24
0–IV
14/9/1
During resection
ANT
12/12
<62, 11; ≥62, 13
qRT-PCR
TaqMan
U66
Median
R
OS

Japan
Frozen
ESCC
33
0–IV
15/18/0
During resection
ANT
30/3
<62, 14; ≥62, 19
qRT-PCR
TaqMan
U66
Median
R
OS

Cornell
Frozen
ESCC
13
0–IV
4/9/0
During resection
ANT
10/3
<62, 3; ≥62, 10
qRT-PCR
TaqMan
U66
Median
R
OS

Nguyen
2010
US/Canada
Frozen
AD
93
0–IV
40/53/0
During resection
ANT
83/10
61.7, 93
qRT-PCR
TaqMan
U66
Median
R
OS

Wu
2014
China
Serum
ESCC
194
I–IV
0/194/0
Prior to surgery
normal
115/79
61.4, 194
qRT-PCR
TaqMan
U6
Mean
R
OS

miR-21
Hamano
2011
Japan
FFPE
ESCC
98
I–IV
98/0/0
Archive
ANT
84/14
High: ;

Low:
qRT-PCR
TaqMan
U48
Median
SC
OS

Hu
2011
USA
FFPE
AD
158
0–IV
0/158/0
Archive
ANT
127/31
28–82, median 64
ISH
NG
NG
NG
R
OS/DFS

Komatsu
2013
Japan
Plasma
ESCC
50
I–IV
0/50/0
Prior to surgery
normal
44/6
≥65, 25; <65, 25
qRT-PCR
TaqMan
U6
Normal
R
OS

Li, P
2013
China
Frozen
ESCC
76
I–IV
NG
During resection
Normal
61/15
≥65, 29; <65, 47
qRT-PCR
SYBR
U6
5-fold
SC
DFS

Mathe
2009
Maryland
Frozen
AD
73
0–IV
45/27/1
During resection
ANT
63/10
<62, 39; ≥62, 34
qRT-PCR
TaqMan
U66
Median
R
OS

Canada
Frozen
AD
27
0–IV
0/27/0
During resection
ANT
26/1
<62, 12; ≥62, 15
qRT-PCR
TaqMan
U66
Median
R
OS

Maryland
Frozen
ESCC
24
0–IV
14/9/1
During resection
ANT
12/12
<62, 11; ≥62, 13
qRT-PCR
TaqMan
U66
Median
R
OS

Japan
Frozen
ESCC
33
0–IV
15/18/0
During resection
ANT
30/3
<62, 14; ≥62, 19
qRT-PCR
TaqMan
U66
Median
R
OS

Cornell
Frozen
ESCC
13
0–IV
4/9/0
During resection
ANT
10/3
<62, 3; ≥62, 10
qRT-PCR
TaqMan
U66
Median
R
OS

Tanaka
2013
Japan
Serum
ESCC
64
I–IV
0/64/0
Prior to surgery
Normal
49/15
≥65, 42; <65, 22
qRT-PCR
TaqMan
miR-39
Median
SC
PFS

Zhao
2013
China
Frozen
ESCC
178
I–III
0/178/0
During resection
ANT
108/70
34–78, mean 62.2
qRT-PCR
TaqMan
U66
Median
SC
OS

miR-145
Feber
2011
US
Frozen
AD
45
I–IV
0/45/0
During resection
ANT
38/7
NG
qRT-PCR
NG
U6
Median
SC
OS

Hamano
2011
Japan
FFPE
ESCC
98
I–IV
98/0/0
Archive
ANT
84/14
High: ;

Low:
qRT-PCR
TaqMan
U48
Median
SC
OS

Ko
2012
Canada
FFPE
EC
25
III
0/25/0
Archive
PS
NG
NG
Microarray
BeadChip
NG
Median
SC
DFS

Tanaka
2013
Japan
Serum
ESCC
64
I–IV
0/64/0
Prior to surgery
Normal
49/15
≥65, 42; <65, 22
qRT-PCR
TaqMan
miR-39
Median
SC
PFS

FFPE, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded; PT (Y/N/U), preoperative treatment (yes, no, unknown); PS, posttreatment specimens; ISH, in situ hybridization; ANT, adjacent noncancerous tissue; R, reported; SC, survival curve; NG, not given; OS, overall survival; DFS, disease-free survival; PFS, progression-free survival.

For studies evaluating OS in ESCC, no significant heterogeneity have been found (for miR-21: = 0.00%, ; miR-375: = 0.00%, ), so that the fixed effects were applied to calculate the pooled HR (pooled HR = 1.84, 95% CI 1.41–2.40 for miR-21, Figure 1; and 0.55, 95% CI: 0.42–0.72, for miR-375, Figure 2). Publication bias of the included studies was evaluated by Begg’s plots and Egger’s test. No significant publication biases were found in the results of Begg’s plots of miR-21 and miR-375. Egger test reached similar conclusions. Pooled HR and 95% CI were not calculated for miR-145 because of different EC histology and types of survival analysis.

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 1: (a) Forest plots of studies evaluating HR of survivals comparing high and low miR-21 expression. (b) Funnel plots of publication bias for meta-analysis of miR-21. (c) Sensitivity analysis for meta-analysis of miR-21.

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 2: (a) Forest plots of studies evaluating hazard ratios (HRs) of high miR375 expression as compared to low expression. (b) Funnel plots of publication bias for meta-analysis of miR-375. (c) Sensitivity analysis for meta-analysis of miR-375.

4. Discussion

In response to the need for independently prognostic molecular markers for ESCC that are readily assayable on routinely acquired clinical specimens, we conducted this analysis of the published esophageal cancer literature to identify a group of miRNAs for which the data support validation as prognostic biomarkers of esophageal cancer outcomes. In this first extensive systematic review about miRNAs in esophageal cancer, 25 studies involving 2,258 subjects analyzed the relationship between miRNA and prognosis of esophageal cancer (data was not shown). A total of 39 miRNAs involved in the prognosis of esophageal cancer were reported in these studies. Most miRNAs were identified by one single study and only 3 miRNAs (miR-21,375,145) were reported by more than 3 studies and only miR-21/375 was suitable for pooled analysis. Wang et al. [33] systematically analyzed miR-21 expression in 16 pairs of ESCC and the corresponding matched nonmalignant adjacent tissues. The author showed that miR-21 downregulation inhibits cell growth and invasion and induces cells to apoptosis by targeting FASL, TIMP3, and RECK genes. Interestingly, suppression or knockdown of miR-21 could induce apoptosis and repress cell proliferation and invasion [34, 35]. One conclusion of the Hamano’s [34] study was that miRNAs (including miR-21) that regulate stem cell function are involved in resistance to chemotherapy in esophageal cancer [34]. Ma et al. [35] investigated the role of microRNA-21 (miR-21) and its regulation on phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted from chromosome-10 (PTEN) in esophageal cancer and demonstrated that miR-21 was overexpressed in vitro and ESCC patients, and promoted cell proliferation by targeting PTEN at posttranscriptional level. Furthermore, miR-21 is known as an oncogenic miRNA that is increased in esophageal cancer, and overexpression of miR-21 plays important roles in increasing cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and survival [33, 36]. The meta-analysis showed that elevated miR-21 (pooled HR = 1.84) expression indeed predict poor OS in patients with ESCC. Although the number of associated studies dealing with miR-21 was less than 8, the available data have shown that miR-21 was associated with the prognosis of ESCC, malignant tumor of the digestion system. However, the conclusions should be tempered because the pooled risks of miR-21 for survival, although statistically significant, were not strong, with global HRs of 1.84. The promoter of miR-375 was frequently hypermethylated in EC and miR-375 is a negative regulator of 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (PDK1) in EC [37]. Besides, the downregulation of miR-375 was frequently detected in primary ESCC, which was significantly correlated with advanced stage, distant metastasis. MiR-375 could interact with the 3′-untranslated region of IGF1R and downregulate its expression. Functional assays demonstrated that miR-375 could inhibit clonogenicity, cell motility, cell proliferation, tumor formation, and metastasis in mice [38]. This finding is consistent with Mathe’s [39] finding that reduced levels of miR-375 are associated with worse prognosis. Pooled HR of upregulated miR-375 for OS in ESCC patients were 0.55, indicating that low level of miR-375 has a negative impact on OS. The predicted targets of miR-145 were oncogenes myc myelocytomatosis viral-related oncogene (MYCN), FOS, and yamaguchi sarcoma oncogene (YES); cell-cycle promoters such as cyclins D2 and L1; and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) transduction proteins such as MAP3K3 and MAP4K4 [40]. Kano et al. [41] revealed that miR-145 inhibits cell proliferation and invasion when overexpressed in esophageal carcinoma cell lines in vitro, possibly through downregulation of the FSCN-1 gene product. The transfection of human esophageal carcinoma cells with miR-145 expression plasmids resulted in a greater inhibition of cell mobility; however, the protein level of the previously reported target of miR-145, FSCN1 did not show any significant downregulation [42]. Intriguingly, patients with high levels of miR-145 in the posttreatment biopsy specimens had significantly shorter median disease-free survival (DFS) than did those with low levels [43]. The result is consistent with Feber’s [44] finding that high expression of miR-145 is associated with worse survival. Meta-analysis was not performed for miR-145 due to the fact that different EC histology and survival analysis were analysed. The role of miR-145 in EC prognosis remains unclear, although the included studies suggested that miR-145 could be a potential prognostic biomarker for esophageal cancer. Therefore we strongly suggest conducting more prognostic studies for abnormal expression of miR-145 in esophageal carcinomas.

There were several limitations inherent to our analysis. First, although miR-21 has been widely investigated, unfortunately, only seven studies were eligible for pooled analysis. Because of a lack of studies, the limited sample size, and missing data, we could not evaluate subgroups for the sample type, race, and many other factors, especially AD. Furthermore, miR-21 has been found upregulated in patients with non-small cell lung cancer, breast cancer [45], pancreatic cancer [46], and hematological malignancies [47]. Therefore, miR-21 may be a general biomarker for cancer rather than specific for esophageal cancer, although the level of expression may still have prognostic benefits. Second, since the number of studies for miR-375 was less than 7, it might weaken the reliability of our conclusion. A well-designed clinical study with large cases of each miRNAs should be performed in the future to validate the relationship between miR-21/375/145 expression level and prognosis of EC patients. Third, a clear definition should be made about the cutoff value of miRNAs level for outcomes in ESCC. To date, most investigators use median or mean value in their studies as the cutoff value and the accurate value were different. Fourth, although there was no significant evidence of publication bias in this analysis, cautions should be taken because only studies published in English were selected, which could definitely cause language bias. And the tendency for journals to publish positive results could also make certain bias [28]. Furthermore, tissues are more widely used for miRNA study. However, circulating markers are more acceptable than tissue markers because they can be assayed before treatment and be monitored throughout the life [17]. MiRNAs are considerably resistant to RNase digestion. Also, samples treated under harsh conditions, such as boiling, low/high pH, extended storage, and freeze-thaw cycles, yielded no significant differences compared to nontreated serum; thereby they are ideal biomarkers for clinical usage [48]. Three studies [31, 32, 49] included in this analysis examined the miRNAs expression levels in in serum/plasma. Thus, the simultaneous detection of miRNAs might serve as a tool to assess the “real-time” status of patients. It is hoped that detection of miRNAs during patient follow-ups would offer the opportunity for early intervention. More studies should be conducted in future to evaluate the prognostic value of miRNA level in serum/plasma. Besides, a group of miRNAs might be better than a single miRNA. Zhao et al. [17] suggest that expression patterns of miR-21, miR-181b, and miR-146b, alone or in combination with inflammatory risk score can be used as prognostic classifiers for patients with ESCC [17]. Komatsu et al. [32] revealed that the presence of high miR-21 and low miR-375 concentrations in plasma was an independent prognostic factor. The study of a set of miRNAs associated with prognosis for esophageal cancer is certainly warranted.

5. Conclusion

Despite the limitations described above, our results support that miR-21 and miR-375 have a prognostic role in ESCC and therefore may be useful therapeutic targets for the treatment of ESCC and meticulous follow-up for early detection of recurrence. Validation of the results of these miRNAs by independent and prospective study is certainly warranted, and it is hoped that this analysis highlights the most appropriate candidates for their clinical significance and role in the prognosis of esophageal cancer.

Abbreviations

EC: | Esophageal cancer
AD: | Esophageal adenocarcinoma
ESCC: | Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
miRNAs: | MicroRNAs
OS: | Overall survival
CI: | Confidence interval
HR: | Hazard ratios.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge the help from Second/First Hospital Affiliated to Medical College of Shihezi University. The work was supported in part by doctor/scientific Grant 2014BB019 from Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps and NFSC 81260301 and 81160301 from the National Science Foundation of China.

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