The aim of this study was to perform chemical characterization of
The Verbenaceae family consists of approximately 175 genera and 2,800 species distributed in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide and in temperate regions of the southern hemisphere. In addition, a few species are found in temperate regions of the northern hemisphere [
This species is considered by some authors [
The chemical composition of essential oils consists of a mixture of many organic compounds in various concentrations, ranging from very low quantities (traces) to major compounds. Therefore, the variability of chemical types is a cause for concern from the standpoint of the use of essential oils as herbal medicines because some compounds may be unsuitable for achieving a desired result. This problem regarding medicinal plants is common in Brazil [
Essential oils are primarily produced by the plant leaves and are formed through the secondary metabolism of plants. The typical compounds of this type include mono- and sesquiterpenes. Both the oil composition and plant yield, including biomass, are directly influenced by environmental factors, which represent a challenge for producers in establishing productive and stable genotypes and maintaining the chemical uniformity demanded by the industry [
The rich pharmacological potential of
The degree of variability in the active ingredient found in a medicinal species should be very low so that the drugs produced from that species are safe and effective [
Thus, the aim of this study was to perform chemical characterization of accessions of
The experiment was conducted at the “Campus Rural da UFS” experimental farm, located in the municipality of São Cristóvão, state of Sergipe, at a latitude of 11°00′ S and longitude of 37°12′ W. Plants of 48 accessions of
Identification and origin of
Accession | Municipality/state | Origin | UFS herbarium code |
---|---|---|---|
LA-01 | ABC-Distrito Federal | University of Brasília | 14784 |
LA-02 | Araguaína-Tocantins | University of Brasília | 14785 |
LA-03 | Atibaia-São Paulo | University of Brasília | 13466 |
LA-04 | Botucatu-São Paulo | University of Brasília | 13501 |
LA-08 | Brasília-Distrito Federal | University of Brasília | 13475 |
LA-09 | Brasília-Distrito Federal | University of Brasília | 14786 |
LA-10 | Brasília-Distrito Federal | University of Brasília | 13495 |
LA-13 | Fortaleza-Ceará | Federal University of Ceará | 13488 |
LA-15 | Florianópolis-Santa Catarina | University of Brasília | 13486 |
LA-17 | Brasília-Distrito Federal | University of Brasília | 13494 |
LA-19 | Brasília-Distrito Federal | University of Brasília | 13491 |
LA-20 | Ilhéus-Bahia | University of Brasília | 14787 |
LA-21 | Brasília-Distrito Federal | University of Brasília | 13493 |
LA-22 | Lavras-Minas Gerais | University of Brasília | 13476 |
LA-24 | Luziânia-Goiás | University of Brasília | 13477 |
LA-27 | Piracicaba-São Paulo | University of Brasília | 13443 |
LA-28 | Brasília-Distrito Federal | University of Brasília | 13487 |
LA-29 | Planaltina de Goiás-Goiás | University of Brasília | 13485 |
LA-30 | Posse-Goiás | University of Brasília | 13454 |
LA-32 | Rio de Janeiro-Rio de Janeiro | University of Brasília | 13480 |
LA-36 | Brasília-Distrito Federal | University of Brasília | 13472 |
LA-37 | Brasília-Distrito Federal | University of Brasília | 13455 |
LA-39 | Brasília-Distrito Federal | University of Brasília | 13497 |
LA-40 | Brasília-Distrito Federal | University of Brasília | 13456 |
LA-41 | Curitiba-Paraná | University of Brasília | 13484 |
LA-42 | Brasília-Distrito Federal | University of Brasília | 13444 |
LA-43 | Brasília-Distrito Federal | University of Brasília | 13490 |
LA-44 | Brasília-Distrito Federal | University of Brasília | 14788 |
LA-45 | Viçosa-Minas Gerais | University of Brasília | 13498 |
LA-49 | Aracaju-Sergipe | Federal University of Sergipe | 13471 |
LA-52 | Rio Real-Bahia | Federal University of Sergipe | 13481 |
LA-53 | Telha-Sergipe | Federal University of Sergipe | 13446 |
LA-54 | Rio Real-Bahia | Federal University of Sergipe | 13478 |
LA-55 | Rio Real-Bahia | Federal University of Sergipe | 13468 |
LA-56 | Rio Real-Bahia | Federal University of Sergipe | 13465 |
LA-57 | Rio Real-Bahia | Federal University of Sergipe | 13469 |
LA-58 | Rio Real-Bahia | Federal University of Sergipe | 13482 |
LA-59 | Rio Real-Bahia | Federal University of Sergipe | 13500 |
LA-60 | Rio Real-Bahia | Federal University of Sergipe | 13499 |
LA-61 | Rio Real-Bahia | Federal University of Sergipe | 13479 |
LA-62 | Rio Real-Bahia | Federal University of Sergipe | 13451 |
LA-63 | Santana do São Francisco-Sergipe | Federal University of Sergipe | 13445 |
LA-67 | Santana do São Francisco-Sergipe | Federal University of Sergipe | 13464 |
LA-68 | Santana do São Francisco-Sergipe | Federal University of Sergipe | 14789 |
LA-69 | Gararu-Sergipe | Federal University of Sergipe | 13467 |
LA-70 | Cristinápolis-Sergipe | Federal University of Sergipe | 13473 |
LA-71 | Paripiranga-Sergipe | Federal University of Sergipe | 13447 |
LA-72 | Traipú-Alagoas | Federal University of Sergipe | 13496 |
A randomized block experimental design with two replications was employed. Each plot consisted of three plants. Spacing of 1.5 meters was maintained both between individual plants and between rows. The fertilization applied in the field was 5 kg of cattle manure per pit. Culture practices such as weeding and hydration were performed whenever necessary.
The plants were cut at a height of 30 cm from the soil, and the leaves were dried in an incubator with forced airflow at a temperature of 40°C for five days [
Chemical analysis of the essential oil was performed at the Laboratory of Chromatography of the Department of Chemistry at the Federal University of Sergipe.
Qualitative analysis of the chemical composition of the essential oil was performed in a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer (GC-MS, model QP 5050A, Shimadzu) equipped with an AOC-20i autosampler (Shimadzu) and a fused-silica capillary column (5% phenyl, 95% dimethylpolysiloxane, 30 m × 0.25 mm i.d., and film thickness of 0.25
Quantitative analysis of the chemical constituents was performed by flame ionization gas chromatography (FID), using a Shimadzu GC-17A (Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan) instrument, under the following operational conditions: capillary ZB-5MS column (5% phenyl-arylene-95%-dimethylpolysiloxane) fused-silica capillary column (30 m × 0.25 mm i.d. × 0.25
The essential oil components were identified by comparing their mass spectra with the available spectra in the equipment database (NIST05 and WILEY8). Additionally, the measured retention indices were compared with those in the literature [
The data were subjected to variance analysis, and the means were compared using the Scott-Knott test (
Among the compounds present in the essential oils from 48 accessions, 33 were identified and are listed according to their order of elution (Table
Chemical composition of the essential oil of
Compound | RRI | Accession | |||||||
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LA-01 | LA-02 | LA-03 | LA-04 | LA-08 | LA-09 | LA-10 | LA-13 | ||
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924 | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.43b | 0.27b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b |
Sabinene | 969 | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.15c | 0.00c | 0.64b | 0.00c | 4.39a |
1-Octen-3-ol | 974 | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.28b | 0.72a | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b |
5-Methyl-6-hepten-2-one | 981 | 0.00a | 0.00a | 0.46a | 0.41a | 0.34a | 0.00a | 0.00a | 0.00a |
Myrcene | 988 | 0.00c | 0.76c | 2.78b | 2.85b | 0.31c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c |
o-Cymene | 1022 | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.11d | 0.32d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d |
Limonene | 1024 | 0.00e | 0.00e | 10.24c | 0.17e | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.00e | 45.35a |
1,8-Cineol | 1026 | 7.22b | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 9.22a | 0.00d | 0.00d |
|
1054 | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c |
|
1065 | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c |
|
1067 | 0.86b | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 1.20a | 0.00c | 0.00c |
|
1084 | 0.65b | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.98a | 0.00d | 0.00d |
Linalool | 1095 | 84.73a | 0.84f | 0.89f | 1.09f | 0.95f | 80.63b | 1.32f | 0.00f |
Perylene | 1102 | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.10a | 0.19a | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b |
(E)-isocitral | 1177 | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.50a | 0.22b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b |
Myrtenal | 1195 | 0.67b | 0.00c | 0.29c | 0.54b | 0.56b | 0.71b | 0.00c | 0.00c |
Neral | 1235 | 0.00f | 32.14a | 29.78c | 30.28c | 31.09c | 0.00f | 29.32c | 0.00f |
Carvone | 1239 | 0.00e | 0.00e | 3.91d | 0.33e | 0.43e | 0.00e | 0.00e | 39.58c |
Geraniol | 1249 | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.71c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c |
Geranial | 1264 | 0.00f | 54.05a | 47.66a | 49.76a | 49.45a | 0.00f | 48.06a | 0.00f |
Myrtanyl acetate | 1324 | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.13c | 0.00d | 0.24c | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d |
Geranyl acetate | 1379 | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.35b | 0.29b | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.82a | 0.00c |
|
1389 | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.49d | 0.00d |
|
1417 | 1.04c | 0.42c | 0.00c | 0.78c | 0.94c | 1.11c | 0.62c | 0.00c |
|
1437 | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d |
|
1478 | 0.62c | 0.00c | 0.29c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.52c | 0.00c | 0.00c |
|
1521 | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b |
Elemol | 1548 | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d |
Germacrene B | 1559 | 0.57b | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.28c | 0.00c | 0.00c |
(E)-nerolidol | 1561 | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.00e |
Spathulenol | 1577 | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.00e |
Caryophyllene oxide | 1582 | 2.93d | 11.33c | 0.00e | 10.69c | 14.24c | 3.66d | 17.77b | 0.00e |
Humulene epoxide II | 1608 | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.15d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.59b | 0.00d |
Essential oil content (%) |
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LA-15 | LA-17 | LA-19 | LA-20 | LA-21 | LA-22 | LA-24 | LA-27 | ||
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|||||||||
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924 | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b |
Sabinene | 969 | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.71b | 0.00c | 0.29c | 0.00c | 0.64b |
1-Octen-3-ol | 974 | 0.42a | 0.78a | 0.77a | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b |
5-Methyl-6-hepten-2-one | 981 | 1.03a | 0.91a | 0.58a | 0.00a | 0.38a | 0.00a | 0.00a | 0.00a |
Myrcene | 988 | 3.07b | 0.67c | 0.45c | 0.76c | 0.84c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.21c |
o-Cymene | 1022 | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 1.07d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.62d | 0.00d |
Limonene | 1024 | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.00e |
1,8-Cineol | 1026 | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 6.62b | 0.93d | 9.17a | 2.38c | 7.83b |
|
1054 | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c |
|
1065 | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c |
|
1067 | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.64b | 0.00c | 1.00a | 0.00c | 0.80b |
|
1084 | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.23c | 0.00d | 0.61b |
Linalool | 1095 | 0.83f | 1.43f | 0.83f | 57.69d | 7.27f | 84.45a | 49.38e | 75.79c |
Perylene | 1102 | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b |
(E)-isocitral | 1177 | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b |
Myrtenal | 1195 | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.95a | 0.00c | 0.34c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.66b |
Neral | 1235 | 31.98a | 28.91c | 31.22c | 11.51e | 28.98c | 0.00f | 16.59e | 0.58f |
Carvone | 1239 | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.43e | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.00e |
Geraniol | 1249 | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c |
Geranial | 1264 | 50.54a | 48.68a | 49.09a | 16.99e | 44.91a | 0.00f | 26.18e | 0.83f |
Myrtanyl acetate | 1324 | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.53b | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d |
Geranyl acetate | 1379 | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c |
|
1389 | 0.00d | 0.25d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.46d |
|
1417 | 1.75b | 1.03c | 0.89c | 0.83c | 0.71c | 0.29c | 0.74c | 1.59b |
|
1437 | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d |
|
1478 | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 1.60b |
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1521 | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b |
Elemol | 1548 | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d |
Germacrene B | 1559 | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 1.26a |
(E)-nerolidol | 1561 | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.00e |
Spathulenol | 1577 | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.00e |
Caryophyllene oxide | 1582 | 10.35c | 16.86b | 14.04c | 3.18d | 14.63c | 4.35d | 4.11d | 0.00e |
Humulene epoxide II | 1608 | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.29c | 0.20c | 0.00d | 0.00d |
Essential oil content (%) |
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LA-28 | LA-29 | LA-30 | LA-32 | LA-36 | LA-37 | LA-39 | LA-40 | ||
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924 | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.91a | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.22b |
Sabinene | 969 | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.27c | 0.00c | 0.24c | 0.00c | 0.53b | 0.27c |
1-Octen-3-ol | 974 | 0.63a | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.31b | 0.00b | 1.19a | 0.00b | 0.63a |
5-Methyl-6-hepten-2-one | 981 | 0.00a | 0.00a | 0.72a | 0.23a | 0.46a | 0.00a | 0.35a | 0.52a |
Myrcene | 988 | 0.00c | 7.09a | 0.40c | 3.67b | 0.17c | 0.00c | 0.20c | 1.16c |
o-Cymene | 1022 | 0.00d | 0.00d | 3.71d | 12.36a | 3.96c | 0.00d | 5.30c | 0.00d |
Limonene | 1024 | 0.00e | 0.00e | 7.08c | 0.00e | 6.80c | 0.00e | 8.55c | 0.00e |
1,8-Cineol | 1026 | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d |
|
1054 | 0.00c | 0.00c | 1.05a | 0.00c | 1.03a | 0.00c | 1.01a | 0.00c |
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1065 | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.29b |
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1067 | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.30c |
|
1084 | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d |
Linalool | 1095 | 0.91f | 0.00f | 0.92f | 0.25f | 0.85f | 0.00f | 0.92f | 2.90f |
Perylene | 1102 | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b |
(E)-isocitral | 1177 | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.34a | 0.00b | 0.57a | 0.00b |
Myrtenal | 1195 | 0.72b | 0.67b | 0.00c | 0.49b | 0.00c | 1.19a | 0.00c | 0.00c |
Neral | 1235 | 31.99a | 28.09c | 32.93a | 21.94c | 30.87c | 23.76c | 31.66a | 29.95c |
Carvone | 1239 | 0.00e | 0.56e | 0.93e | 0.39e | 0.99e | 1.16e | 1.05e | 0.00e |
Geraniol | 1249 | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 2.03b | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c |
Geranial | 1264 | 49.73a | 40.24c | 49.07a | 32.90c | 51.32a | 39.89c | 48.00a | 46.80a |
Myrtanyl acetate | 1324 | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.72a | 0.00d | 0.00d |
Geranyl acetate | 1379 | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c |
|
1389 | 0.00d | 1.19b | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 1.88a |
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1417 | 0.55c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 3.69a | 0.00c | 1.54b | 0.00c | 1.31b |
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1437 | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d |
|
1478 | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.41c | 0.00c | 0.40c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c |
|
1521 | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b |
Elemol | 1548 | 0.00d | 0.00d | 1.14c | 0.00d | 2.16a | 0.00d | 1.83a | 0.00d |
Germacrene B | 1559 | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c |
(E)-nerolidol | 1561 | 0.00e | 0.00e | 1.14d | 0.00e | 2.16a | 0.00e | 1.83b | 0.00e |
Spathulenol | 1577 | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.00e |
Caryophyllene oxide | 1582 | 14.86c | 10.89c | 1.32e | 20.46b | 0.00e | 28.09a | 0.00e | 11.43c |
Humulene epoxide II | 1608 | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.35c | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d |
Essential oil content (%) |
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LA-41 | LA-42 | LA-43 | LA-44 | LA-45 | LA-49 | LA-52 | LA-53 | ||
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924 | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b |
Sabinene | 969 | 0.14c | 0.28c | 0.31c | 0.00c | 0.98b | 0.57b | 0.54b | 0.17c |
1-Octen-3-ol | 974 | 0.63a | 0.44a | 0.00b | 0.58a | 0.00b | 0.21b | 0.00b | 0.59a |
5-Methyl-6-hepten-2-one | 981 | 0.74a | 0.00a | 0.43a | 0.51a | 0.30a | 0.26a | 0.30a | 0.34a |
Myrcene | 988 | 1.47c | 2.04c | 0.71c | 0.42c | 8.47a | 0.00c | 0.21c | 0.00c |
o-Cymene | 1022 | 0.31d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.32d | 11.50a | 9.44b | 4.49c |
Limonene | 1024 | 0.00e | 0.00e | 7.46c | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.00e | 3.86d | 0.00e |
1,8-Cineol | 1026 | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d |
|
1054 | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.98a | 0.00c |
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1065 | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.46b | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.33b |
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1067 | 0.15c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.27c | 0.00c | 0.00c |
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1084 | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d |
Linalool | 1095 | 0.85f | 2.22f | 0.74f | 0.73f | 1.33f | 0.33f | 0.00f | 0.57f |
Perylene | 1102 | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b |
(E)-isocitral | 1177 | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.75a | 0.00b | 0.38a | 0.00b | 0.46a | 0.00b |
Myrtenal | 1195 | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.68b | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c |
Neral | 1235 | 30.88c | 31.33c | 34.86a | 32.27a | 28.57c | 23.69c | 29.97c | 31.57a |
Carvone | 1239 | 0.00e | 0.00e | 3.56d | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.00e |
Geraniol | 1249 | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 3.38a | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c |
Geranial | 1264 | 48.69a | 48.59a | 51.18a | 49.88a | 46.36a | 39.39c | 46.22a | 48.37a |
Myrtanyl acetate | 1324 | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.50b | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d |
Geranyl acetate | 1379 | 0.27b | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.40b | 1.03a | 0.00c | 0.00c |
|
1389 | 0.79c | 1.75a | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d |
|
1417 | 0.88c | 1.23c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 2.84a | 1.15c | 1.60b | 0.00c |
|
1437 | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 1.66b |
|
1478 | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.33c | 0.38c | 0.00c | 0.00c |
|
1521 | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b |
Elemol | 1548 | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d |
Germacrene B | 1559 | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c |
(E)-nerolidol | 1561 | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.00e |
Spathulenol | 1577 | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.00e | 3.21a |
Caryophyllene oxide | 1582 | 12.46c | 11.66c | 0.00e | 13.43c | 5.37d | 19.89b | 6.05d | 5.05d |
Humulene epoxide II | 1608 | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.66b | 0.34c | 1.45a |
Essential oil content (%) |
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|
|
|
|||||||||
LA-54 | LA-55 | LA-56 | LA-57 | LA-58 | LA-59 | LA-60 | LA-61 | ||
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|||||||||
|
924 | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b |
Sabinene | 969 | 0.59b | 0.53b | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.25c | 0.00c | 0.00c |
1-Octen-3-ol | 974 | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.67a | 0.52a | 0.00b | 0.00b |
5-Methyl-6-hepten-2-one | 981 | 0.00a | 0.00a | 0.00a | 0.00a | 0.65a | 0.92a | 0.00a | 0.53a |
Myrcene | 988 | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.17c | 0.15c | 1.27c | 2.80b | 0.00c | 1.31c |
o-Cymene | 1022 | 9.55b | 8.29b | 0.00d | 0.00d | 2.93c | 3.77c | 6.47b | 3.53c |
Limonene | 1024 | 3.97d | 3.69d | 18.48b | 19.35b | 0.00e | 0.00e | 2.60e | 0.00e |
1,8-Cineol | 1026 | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d |
|
1054 | 0.90a | 0.93a | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.85a | 0.00c |
|
1065 | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.22c | 0.00c | 0.00c |
|
1067 | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c |
|
1084 | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d |
Linalool | 1095 | 0.00f | 0.00f | 0.32f | 0.19f | 2.83f | 2.31f | 0.00f | 2.30f |
Perylene | 1102 | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.14a | 0.13a | 0.00b | 0.00b |
(E)-isocitral | 1177 | 0.85a | 0.44a | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b |
Myrtenal | 1195 | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c |
Neral | 1235 | 29.99c | 30.98c | 0.00f | 0.00f | 33.20a | 33.93a | 33.46a | 35.31a |
Carvone | 1239 | 0.00e | 0.00e | 77.74a | 77.20a | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.00e |
Geraniol | 1249 | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c |
Geranial | 1264 | 44.02a | 47.27a | 0.00f | 0.00f | 51.42a | 51.35a | 48.61a | 52.86a |
Myrtanyl acetate | 1324 | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d |
Geranyl acetate | 1379 | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 1.01a | 0.83a | 0.00c | 0.83a |
|
1389 | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d |
|
1417 | 2.18b | 1.88b | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 3.16a | 0.00c |
|
1437 | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d |
|
1478 | 0.00c | 0.00c | 1.99b | 1.95b | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c |
|
1521 | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b |
Elemol | 1548 | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d |
Germacrene B | 1559 | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c |
(E)-nerolidol | 1561 | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.00e |
Spathulenol | 1577 | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.00e |
Caryophyllene oxide | 1582 | 7.54d | 5.96d | 0.00e | 0.00e | 5.00d | 2.59d | 4.85d | 3.00d |
Humulene epoxide II | 1608 | 0.38c | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.87b | 0.36c | 0.00d | 0.31c |
Essential oil content (%) |
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LA-62 | LA-63 | LA-67 | LA-68 | LA-69 | LA-70 | LA-71 | LA-72 | ||
|
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|
924 | 0.00b | 0.25b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.24b | 0.00b |
Sabinene | 969 | 0.00c | 0.75b | 0.00c | 0.81b | 0.37b | 0.00c | 0.55b | 0.51b |
1-Octen-3-ol | 974 | 0.00b | 0.59a | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.34b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.17b |
5-Methyl-6-hepten-2-one | 981 | 0.46a | 0.85a | 0.00a | 0.44a | 0.81a | 0.00a | 0.28a | 1.01a |
Myrcene | 988 | 5.07b | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 3.40b | 0.20c | 0.00c |
o-Cymene | 1022 | 0.00d | 8.97b | 4.61c | 10.33a | 11.86a | 0.00d | 11.39a | 0.81d |
Limonene | 1024 | 9.14c | 0.00e | 7.98c | 0.28e | 0.00e | 19.81b | 4.21d | 0.00e |
1,8-Cineol | 1026 | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d |
|
1054 | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.86a | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.47a | 0.00c |
|
1065 | 0.00c | 0.61a | 0.00c | 0.73a | 0.35b | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.74a |
|
1067 | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c |
|
1084 | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d |
Linalool | 1095 | 0.58f | 0.99f | 0.43f | 1.06f | 0.63f | 0.69f | 0.27f | 0.48f |
Perylene | 1102 | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b |
(E)-isocitral | 1177 | 0.63a | 0.98a | 0.44a | 0.00b | 0.24b | 0.00b | 0.77a | 0.58a |
Myrtenal | 1195 | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c |
Neral | 1235 | 31.36c | 29.46c | 33.28a | 27.34c | 29.05c | 0.00f | 27.94c | 36.14a |
Carvone | 1239 | 5.27d | 0.00e | 1.06e | 0.00e | 0.29e | 72.73b | 0.00e | 0.00e |
Geraniol | 1249 | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c |
Geranial | 1264 | 46.11a | 45.12a | 49.53a | 45.36a | 45.21a | 0.00f | 42.06c | 54.63a |
Myrtanyl acetate | 1324 | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d |
Geranyl acetate | 1379 | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.64a |
|
1389 | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d |
|
1417 | 0.39c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 1.20c | 0.00c |
|
1437 | 0.00d | 1.36c | 0.00d | 2.89a | 1.58b | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d |
|
1478 | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.26c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 2.57a | 0.00c | 0.00c |
|
1521 | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 0.00b | 1.24a |
Elemol | 1548 | 0.00d | 0.00d | 1.54b | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d | 0.00d |
Germacrene B | 1559 | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c | 0.00c |
(E)-nerolidol | 1561 | 0.00e | 0.00e | 1.54c | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.00e |
Spathulenol | 1577 | 0.00e | 2.85b | 0.00e | 2.59c | 1.82d | 0.00e | 0.00e | 0.00e |
Caryophyllene oxide | 1582 | 0.99e | 4.10d | 0.00e | 3.58d | 4.59d | 0.00e | 9.28c | 1.57e |
Humulene epoxide II | 1608 | 0.00d | 1.17a | 0.00d | 1.33a | 0.36c | 0.00d | 0.71b | 0.00d |
Essential oil content (%) |
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RRI: relative retention index. Means followed by different letters in each row were significantly different by the Scott-Knott test (
The variation in the concentrations of compounds among the accessions may have been a consequence of their origin, considering that in this experiment all of the accessions were grown in the same environment. Similar results were observed previously in studies with three chemotypes of
The chemical analysis (Table
Two-dimensional dendrogram showing the similarity of the chemical compositions of 48
Considering the similarities of the chemical constituents of the essential oils of these 48 accessions, the clusters were classified as follows: Cluster 1 included LA-01, LA-09, LA-22, and LA-27, which contained the following major compounds: linalool, 1,8-cineole, and caryophyllene oxide. Cluster 2 was formed by accessions LA-20 and LA-24 and comprised the following major compounds: linalool, geranial, neral, 1,8-cineole, and caryophyllene oxide. Cluster 3 was formed by accession LA-13, with the following major compounds: limonene, carvone, and sabinene. Cluster 4 comprised accessions LA-56, LA-57, and LA-70, with the following major compounds: carvone, limonene, g-muurolene, and myrcene. Cluster 5 was formed by accessions LA-02, LA-04, LA-08, LA-10, LA-15, LA-17, LA-19, LA-21, LA-28, LA-29, LA-32, LA-37, LA-40, LA-41, LA-42, LA-44, LA-45, and LA-49 and exhibited the following major compounds: neral, geranial, and caryophyllene oxide. Cluster 6 consisted of accessions LA-03, LA-30, LA-36, LA-39, LA-43, LA-52, LA-53, LA-54, LA-55, LA-58, LA-59, LA-60, LA-61, LA-62, LA-63, LA-67, LA-68, LA-69, LA-71, and LA-72, which contained geranial, neral, o-cymene, limonene, and caryophyllene oxide (Figure
Means and SEM for the chemical compounds in the essential oils from clusters 1 through 6 of
According to the PCA (Figure
Distribution of chemical compounds in the essential oils of
The second principal component represented 12.39% of the total variation in the data and showed a positive correlation with 1-octen-3-ol (
Variability was observed in the chemical composition of the essential oils of
The compounds characterizing the six groups were as follows: group 1: linalool, 1,8-cineole, and caryophyllene oxide; group 2: linalool, geranial, neral, 1,8-cineol, and caryophyllene oxide; group 3: limonene, carvone, and sabinene; group 4: carvone, limonene, g-muurolene, and myrcene; group 5: neral, geranial, and caryophyllene oxide; and group 6: geranial, neral, o-cymene, limonene, and caryophyllene oxide.
The most abundant compounds were 1,8-cineol, linalool, myrcene, limonene, carvone, geranial, and neral.
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
The authors are grateful to FAPITEC/SE, CNPq, CAPES, and ETENE/BNB for their financial support of this work and to Professors Jean Kleber de Abreu Mattos (University of Brasília) and Renato Innecco (Federal University of Ceará) for the donation of