The Scientific World Journal
Volume 2017 (2017), Article ID 1207061, 8 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/1207061

Research Article

In Vitro Antifungal Activity of Hexahydropyrimidine Derivatives against the Causative Agents of Dermatomycosis

Francislene J. Martins,¹ César A. Caneschi,¹ Mônica P. Senra,¹ Gustavo S. G. Carvalho,² Adilson D. da Silva,² and Nádia R. B. Raposo¹

¹Núcleo de Pesquisa e Inovação em Ciências da Saúde (NUPICS), Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário, 36036-900 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
²Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário, 36036-900 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil

Correspondence should be addressed to Nádia R. B. Raposo; nadiacritt@gmail.com

Received 29 June 2017; Revised 1 September 2017; Accepted 11 September 2017; Published 26 October 2017

Academic Editor: Monika Wujec

Copyright © 2017 Francislene J. Martins et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Nitrogenated heterocyclic compounds are present in both natural and synthetic drugs, and hexahydropyrimidine derivatives may prove to be efficient in treating dermatomycosis causing fungi. This study evaluated the antifungal activity of four hexahydropyrimidine derivatives against the dermatomycosis causing fungi. These derivatives were synthesized, characterized, and assessed in terms of their activity against Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Microsporum canis, Microsporum gypseum, Trichophyton rubrum, Fusarium oxysporum, and Epidermophyton floccosum between concentrations 7.8 and 1,000 μg mL⁻¹. Scanning electron micrographs were assessed for the active derivatives and reference drugs, and these micrographs revealed that new agents cause morphological changes in fungi. The derivatives HHP1, HHP3, and HHP4 revealed poor activity against the four fungal strains (MICs range 500–1000 μg mL⁻¹). Compound HHP3 was found to be the best potential antifungal agent among those tested and was the most effective among all the active derivatives that caused morphological changes in the susceptible strains.

1. Introduction

In a recent work our research group performed biological evaluation of hexahydropyrimidines compounds, which form an interesting type of aliphatic azaheterocycle [1, 2]. Heterocyclic compounds are of great importance in medicinal chemistry, as they are used as potential targets against several bacterial and parasitic pathogens [3, 4]. Notably, the nitrogenated heterocyclic compounds with six-membered rings are given special prominence since many synthetic or natural medicines contain this structural core. Considering the recent efforts by our research group, we obtained a series of hexahydropyrimidines, which were assessed as potential antimicrobial and antiparasitic agents [1, 2]. The efficacy and versatility of these compounds in several biological assays make them potential candidates for treating fungi that cause skin diseases.

Dermatophytes frequently colonize the skin and cause diseases in animals and humans. They affect the keratinized tissues and are spread by direct contact with infected humans (anthropophilic organisms), animals (zoophilic organisms), and soil (geophilic organisms), and they may indirectly also spread through fomites [5–7].

The risk of infections caused by dermatophytes or other fungi has increased considerably over the last decades [8, 9]. The increase in fungal infections can be attributed to the increasingly growing number of immunocompromised individuals, including organ transplant recipients, HIV/AIDS patients, patients with cancer or those undergoing chemotherapy, individuals either at an advanced age or with diabetes or cystic fibrosis, hospitalized individuals with serious illness, and patients undergoing invasive procedures [9–14].

Despite the research devoted in developing new therapeutic strategies, a limited number of drugs are available for treating these fungal infections. Only four classes of drugs that interfere with the metabolic pathways of fungi are used in clinical practice: fluoropyrimidine analogs, polyenes, azoles, and echinocandins [9–15]. Some of these drugs exhibit poor efficacy, side effects (pruritus, rash, headache, and fever with caspofungin and other echinocandins), toxicity (hepatotoxicity due to the use of griseofulvin, flucytosine, and azoles; gastrointestinal and renal toxicity due to the use of amphotericin B), drug interactions, and drug resistance, in case of inappropriate administration of the drugs [16, 17].

Considering these factors, an imperative need arises for innovative antifungal products, either synthetic or natural, which combines safety with antifungal efficacy against the most common pathogens. In the present paper, our research group explored certain synthetic hexahydropyrimidine derivative compounds, which could potentially be used for the treatment of fungal diseases through a simple and economic strategy.

Thus, this study aimed to investigate the in vitro antifungal activity of the hexahydropyrimidine derivatives against the filamentous fungi, which can cause dermatomycosis, for example, Microsporum canis, Microsporum gypseum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton rubrum, Fusarium oxysporum, and Epidermophyton floccosum, and to observe any morphological changes in these fungi by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Synthesis

The synthetic route is presented in Scheme 1. A detailed study of the chemical and structural elucidations of the four analogs has been described by our group in a previous article [2].

Scheme 1: Synthetic pathway for hexahydropyrimidine derivatives adapted from De Carvalho et al. [2]. HHP1 - R₃ = NMe₂; HHP2 - R₁ = OH; HHP3 - R₂ = R₃ = R₄ = OMe; HHP4 - R₁ = NO₂.

2.2. Fungal Strains

We tested six filamentous fungal strains: Trichophyton mentagrophytes ATCC 9538, Microsporum canis ATCC 32903, Microsporum gypseum ATCC 14683, Trichophyton rubrum CCT 5507 URM 1666, Fusarium oxysporum ATCC 48112, and Epidermophyton floccosum CCF-IOC-3757. We employed standard strains of these filamentous fungi from the Collection of Tropical Crops (CCT) provided by Foundation André Tosello, Campinas, São Paulo (Brazil) and from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) provided by the National Institute of Quality Control in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (Brazil).

2.3. Microbiological Screening

Similar to the method described by Souza et al. [18], this assay was performed for a preliminary evaluation of antifungal potential of the compounds. A 2 mm fungal fragment was placed in a culture medium of Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) containing hexahydropyrimidine derivatives (1,000 μg mL⁻¹). Later, the plates were incubated at °C and were analyzed after 7 days of incubation. Endpoint was visually determined based on the growth in wells containing the drugs with that of the growth control.

2.4. Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)

The MIC values for the hexahydropyrimidine derivatives were evaluated according to protocols M 38-A and M 38A2 of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) [19, 20]. This was performed only for strains revealing no visible fungal growth when exposed to 1,000 μg mL⁻¹ derivatives in microbiological screening.

The fungal suspension was prepared from 7-day-old cultures incubated in SDA, using 2 mL of 0.85% sterile saline and 20 μL of tween-20 solution. Each suspension was diluted (1 : 50, v/v) with RPMI-1640 medium (Sigma Aldrich, USA), buffered with 3-N-morpholino propane sulfonic acid (MOPS, JT Baker, Germany), to obtain the final inoculum concentration of 0.4 to 5 × 10⁴ colony forming units (CFU). Each assay was carried out in triplicate.

Terbinafine and ketoconazole were evaluated in concentrations from 0.0234 to 480 μg mL⁻¹ and from 0.0313 to 640 μg mL⁻¹, respectively, in RPMI-1640 medium buffered with MOPS [19, 20]. Dimethyl sulfoxide analytical grade (Sigma Aldrich, USA) was used to solubilize these reference drugs [19].

The heterocycle derivatives were solubilized in the culture medium RPMI-1640 buffered with MOPS and were evaluated at eight concentrations in the range from 7.8 to 1,000 μg mL⁻¹.

Aliquots of 100 μL of the fungal suspensions were inoculated in the microtiter plate wells (Sarstedt, Germany) containing 100 μL reference drugs or analogs.

Furthermore, the microdilution plate was homogenized for 2 min and incubated at °C for 7 days. The MIC was defined as the lowest concentration indicating 100% growth inhibition.

2.5. Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC)

After evaluating MIC, the MFC was determined according to a protocol by Magagnin et al. [21]; herein, aliquots of 10 μL of the medium lacking fungal growth were transferred to new 96-well microplates containing 200 μL of Sabouraud dextrose broth devoid of any antifungal agent.

2.6. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)

In order to investigate the structural alterations of filamentous fungi following different treatments, SEM was used to check the cultured fungal colonies. For this experiment, the fungal fragments were processed according to Martinelli and Santos [22] and Mio et al. [23] using the Karnovsky solution (2.5% glutaraldehyde, 2.5% formaldehyde in 0.05 M sodium cacodylate buffer, and 0.001 M calcium chloride pH = 7.2) for 24 h. This was followed by further contact with a solution of 1% osmium tetroxide for 1 h in the dark and dehydration in increasing concentrations of acetone (25%–100%). Moreover, the fragment was fixed on the aluminum stubs with the aid of a double-sided carbon tape and was attached to the metallizer (Balzers FL-9496, Liechtenstein), with a gold steam bath for 180 s. A JEOL JSM 6390 LV field emission SEM (Tokyo, Japan) was used at an acceleration voltage of 15 KV. The analyses were performed at the Scanning Electron Microscopy Laboratory of the National Museum of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil).

3. Results and Discussion

Screening of antifungal activity demonstrated the ability of HHP1, HHP3, and HHP4 to only inhibit the growth of the species T. mentagrophytes ATCC 9538, M. canis ATCC 32903, M. gypseum ATCC 14683, and T. rubrum CCT 5507 URM 1666, which were then subjected to the MIC and MFC tests (Table 1).

Table 1: Antifungal activity of hexahydropyrimidine derivatives and reference drugs.

Compound

T. mentagrophytes ATCC 9538
M. canis ATCC 32903
M. gypseum ATCC 14683
T. rubrum CCT 5507
URM 1666

MIC
MFC
1,000
1,000
>1,000
>1,000
>1,000
>1,000
500
500

MIC
MFC
>1,000
>1,000
>1,000
>1,000
>1,000
>1,000
>1,000
>1,000

MIC
MFC
500
1,000
500
1,000
500
1,000
250
500

MIC
MFC
1,000
>1,000
1,000
>1,000
1,000
>1,000
250
1,000

MIC
MFC
1
4
8
16
10
160
16
16

MIC
MFC
3
3
0.1875
0.1875
0.1171
0.1171
0.1875
0.1875

MIC = minimal inhibitory concentration; MFC = minimal fungicidal concentration. The results were expressed in µg mL⁻¹.

F. oxysporum ATCC 48112 and E. floccosum CCF-IOC-3757 species were not inhibited by the compounds tested at 1,000 μg mL⁻¹ concentrations in the microbiological screening; therefore, these species were subjected to the MIC and MFC tests. Notably, it should be noted that the reference drugs, ketoconazole and terbinafine, were unable to inhibit the fungal growth of these strains at concentrations of 640 μg mL⁻¹ and 480 μg mL⁻¹, respectively. These concentrations are extremely high, since the CLSI recommends testing ketoconazole at 16 μg mL⁻¹ concentration [19] and literature data reveals that both dermatophytes [24] and F. oxysporum [25] are sensitive to concentrations up to 32 μg mL⁻¹ of terbinafine. Guo and coworkers [26] found that while synthesizing a Schiff base derivative of chitosan 2-(2-hydroxyl-5-chlorobenzaldimino)-6-carboxymethyl chitosan, 43% inhibition was observed for F. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum at a concentration of 500 μg mL⁻¹, which is the most effective antifungal agent verified by the authors against this species.

Data helped confirm that the compound HHP3 was the most active among the hexahydropyrimidine derivatives tested, followed by HHP4 and HHP1, whereas HHP2 revealed no antifungal activity for such species. Compound HHP3 revealed methoxy substituents attached to positions 2, 3, and 4 of the benzene ring. According to Thanusu et al. [27], the introduction of these substituents in the para position of the benzene ring promoted increased antifungal activity, exhibiting the lowest MIC values against Aspergillus flavus and Candida albicans. Notably, the compound HHP3 was the most lipophilic among the products analyzed, which could facilitate its penetration into the fungal cell and thus favor its activity [28, 29]. Ouf et al. [30] synthesized triazolic derivatives and reported that when the methoxy group was present at the 4th position of the aromatic ring, the compound analyzed reduced the synthesis of ergosterol in T. rubrum (83.5%), T. terrestre (79.6%), E. floccosum (87.1%), and M. gypseum (83.3%). In addition, this compound promoted complete healing of animals (guinea pigs) infected with any of the dermatophytes.

According to Reddy et al. [31] and Shah et al. [32], the nitro or amino substituents enhance the antifungal activity, as such groups are present in compounds HHP4 and HHP1, respectively. For compound HHP4, with nitro substituents at the ortho position, it is emphasized that the movement of these substituents to the para position can increase the biological activity of HHP4. This finding is in correlation with other studies, suggesting that the synthesizing of a triazole derivative with coumarin moiety, in presence of the nitro group at the para position of the benzene ring, makes the compound’s antifungal activity comparable to that of ketoconazole (12.5 μg mL⁻¹) [33].

The analysis of the HHP2 chemical structure showed that the pair of nitrogen electrons found itself committed to the intramolecular hydrogen bonding, which may have contributed so that it was not active under the experimental conditions. Rezaei et al. [34], while considering the imidazole and triazole compounds, stated that the nitrogen atom is essential for the interaction with the heme iron in the active site of the CYP51 enzyme, which is important for sterol biosynthesis in eukaryotes. Kokil et al. [33] emphasized that the affinity between the nitrogen atom and the apoprotein defines the antifungal selectivity. According to Shalini et al. [35], the heterocyclic compounds with nitrogen deserve special attention due to their known biological properties. Notably, Sangshetti and Shinde [36] stated that changes in the substituents linked to the nitrogen heteroatoms in the 6-membered ring might foster increased antifungal activity. In their studies, the authors found that the activity of the synthesized compounds increased when the nitrogen of piperidine was replaced with methyl, ethyl, or benzoyl substituents. They also found that when the substituent is benzoyl, the substance was equipotent to miconazole drug against the species F. oxysporum.

The electron micrographs of fungal strains (exposed or not to the reference drugs and hexahydropyrimidine derivatives of interest) can be viewed in Figures 1–4.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

Figure 1: Electron micrographs of T. mentagrophytes ATCC 9538 exposed or not to the reference drugs and hexahydropyrimidine derivative of interest. (a) T. mentagrophytes ATCC 9538 not subjected to pharmacological treatment; (b) T. mentagrophytes ATCC 9538 subjected to treatment with terbinafine; (c) T. mentagrophytes ATCC 9538 subjected to treatment with ketoconazole; (d) T. mentagrophytes ATCC 9538 subjected to treatment with HHP1; (e) T. mentagrophytes ATCC 9538 subjected to treatment with HHP3; (f) T. mentagrophytes ATCC 9538 subjected to treatment with HHP4. Arrows indicate the appearance of wrinkled (I) and crushed (II) hyphae.

Through morphological evaluation of the strains of interest by means of SEM, it was observed that the fungi T. mentagrophytes ATCC 9538, M. gypseum ATCC 14683, and T. rubrum CCT 5507 URM 1666 exhibited hyphae with normal and continuous growth patterns when not subjected to pharmacological treatment (Figures 1(a), 3(a), and 4(a)). Moreover, it was possible to observe the presence of numerous microconidia in T. rubrum CCT 5507 URM 1666 (Figure 4(a)). The fungi T. mentagrophytes ATCC 9538 and M. gypseum ATCC 14683, when treated with terbinafine and ketoconazole (Figures 1(b), 1(c), 3(b) and 3(c)), revealed changes such as hyphae with irregular, wrinkled, and crushed growth patterns. Treatment of T. rubrum CCT 5507 URM 1666 with terbinafine caused a reduction in the number of microconidia and the presence of the broken down hyphal regions (Figure 4(b)), while ketoconazole caused the loss of hyphae intracellular content and wrinkling (Figure 4(c)).

The M. canis ATCC 32903 electron micrographs revealed that the untreated fungus indicated a reproductive structure with a well-defined surface (Figure 2(a)). Macroconidia were not observed after treatment with ketoconazole (Figure 2(c)), but crushings and wrinkles were noticed in certain regions, as well as numerous hyphae. After treatment with terbinafine (Figure 2(b)), wrinkled and irregular fungal structures were observed.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

Figure 2: Electron micrographs of M. canis ATCC 32903 exposed or not to the reference drugs and hexahydropyrimidine derivative of interest. (a) M. canis ATCC 32903 not subjected to pharmacological treatment; (b) fungus M. canis ATCC 32903 subjected to treatment with terbinafine; (c) M. canis ATCC 32903 subjected to treatment with ketoconazole; (d) M. canis ATCC 32903 subjected to treatment with HHP3; (e) M. canis ATCC 32903 subjected to treatment with HHP4. Arrows indicate the appearance of wrinkled (I) and crushed (II) hyphae and the presence of macroconidium (III).

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

Figure 3: Electron micrographs of M. gypseum ATCC 14683 exposed or not to the reference drugs and hexahydropyrimidine derivative of interest. (a) M. gypseum ATCC 14683 not subjected to pharmacological treatment; (b) M. gypseum ATCC 14683 subjected to treatment with terbinafine; (c) M. gypseum ATCC 14683 subjected to treatment with ketoconazole; (d) M. gypseum ATCC 14683 subjected to treatment with HHP3; (e) M. gypseum ATCC 14683 subjected to treatment with HHP4. Arrows indicate the appearance of wrinkled (I) and crushed (II) hyphae and wrinkled macroconidium (III).

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

Figure 4: Electron micrographs of T. rubrum CCT 5507 URM 1666 exposed or not to the reference drugs and hexahydropyrimidine derivative of interest. (a) T. rubrum CCT 5507 URM 1666 not subjected to pharmacological treatment; (b) T. rubrum CCT 5507 URM 1666 subjected to treatment with terbinafine; (c) T. rubrum CCT 5507 URM 1666 subjected to treatment with ketoconazole; (d) T. rubrum CCT 5507 URM 1666 subjected to treatment with HHP1; (e) T. rubrum CCT 5507 URM 1666 subjected to treatment with HHP3; (f) T. rubrum CCT 5507 URM 1666 subjected to treatment with HHP4. (I) Wrinkled hyphae. (II) crushed hyphae. (III) microconidia. (IV) hyphal breaks. (V) loss of hyphae intracellular content.

After pharmacological treatment of the fungi T. mentagrophytes ATCC 9538 with HHP1, HHP3, and HHP4 (Figures 1(d)–1(f)); M. canis ATCC 32903 with HHP3 and HHP4 (Figures 2(d)-2(e)); M. gypseum ATCC 14683 with HHP3 and HHP4 (Figures 3(d)-3(e)); and T. rubrum CCT 5507 URM 1666 with HHP1, HHP3, and HHP4 (Figures 4(d)–4(f)), the colonies appeared compact, wrinkled with furrows, and constricted. Moreover, the crush zones were observed in these samples. In Figures 3(d)-3(e) the presence of wrinkled macroconidia was observed.

Studies have revealed the hepatotoxicity risks associated with ketoconazole [37, 38] and terbinafine [39], interference with the metabolism of other drugs [37, 40], and resistance of microorganisms to the available treatments [41, 42]. Thus, the data presented may be promising, since the structural changes can be altered in the molecules of hexahydropyrimidine derivatives in order to enhance their antifungal activity.

4. Conclusions

The hexahydropyrimidine derivative HHP3 was active against T. mentagrophytes ATCC 9538, M. canis ATCC 32903, M. gypseum ATCC 14683, and T. rubrum CCT 5507 URM 1666 and presented the best potential antifungal activity among the four analogs tested. None of these analogs, as well as the drugs ketoconazole and terbinafine, were active against F. oxysporum ATCC 48112 and Epidermophyton floccosum CCF-IOC-3757. The scanning electron micrographs revealed changes in the fungi structure when subjected to pharmacological treatments, which may be compatible with their mechanism of action. This study may represent the initiative for additional investigation for the role of hexahydropyrimidine derivatives molecules, as well as for development of novel active antifungal agents obtained from structural changes.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

This research was supported by CAPES, CNPq, FAPEMIG, and PROPESQ/UFJF.

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