The Report of Lightning in Himalayan Locale

A few normal calamities (disasters) as often as possible happen within the Himalayan locale in Nepal. The height of this locale ranges from 59 m to “8848.86 m” along the range of 160 km. As a result, there is a significant variety of temperatures within the locale. In addition, Nepal includes a heterogeneous geography. All these highlights impact different normal fiascos counting the lightning action. This report points at analyzing the varieties of lightning inside and over a long time from January 2011 to present. For this report, the information was taken from the Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) portal of the Ministry of Home Affairs (MOHA). The investigation indicated that there was no lightning occasion in November, and the lightning stroke density was higher in the premonsoon period, and the number of harmed individuals was almost three times the number of individuals passing due to the lightning.


Introduction
Te nation of the Mount Everest, Nepal, lies on the north side of the equator of scope 26.37°N to 30.45°N and longitude 80.066°E to 88.2°E in a Himalayan locale. In the Himalayan regions, there are diferent cloud structures [1][2][3], and the lightning and its efects are explained in [4][5][6][7]. Te height of the nation ranges heterogeneously from 59 m to 8848.86 m. Te arrival of the least elevation which of the most elevated height (Mount Everest) lies inside the range of 160 km, and the temperature diference is around 95°C. Due to the variety of temperatures in a short range, there are difering qualities of climate and the variety of climate marvels [8]. Water actually streams from tall elevation to low elevation with high speed due to the tremendous contrast of height in a short range. Tis leads to the occurrence of signifcant disasters which comes about the misfortune of human lives and cattle with the annihilation of physical properties of billions of dollars [9]. Other than human casualties, the death of cattle was also reported and modern parts of electronic, military, and restorative medical equipment can be destroyed. Besides this, the communication and transmission lines are afected by radiation produced due to lightning.
Gomes et al. [10] clarifed that the passing or harm of the individuals depends upon the diferent variables. Tese variables may be the distance of the lightning, step potential, current magnitudes, temperature during lightning, and so on. Tey also detailed that the lightning causes harm to the human creatures and household creatures, when they are in open land-felds, and do not take shelter under the tall trees during the lightning. Gomes [11] detailed that lightning is taken as a calamity since the topographical situation within the context of Sri Lanka within the hilly locale and casualty of individual people are not detailed precisely due to the scattered data on the Himalayan locale. Baral and Mackerras [12] detailed that more positive lightning occurs within the slope hill and precipitous mountainous locale. Uman [13] and Rakov and Uman [14] clarifed that the marvels happen due to high current 300 kA and high temperature up to 30,000 K.

Methodology
In this research report, the data were taken from the Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) portal of the Ministry of Home Afairs (MOHA) from January, 2011, to December, 2021, and were analyzed in terms of their inter-and intra-annual variations and their distribution over the hill and mountainous locale in Nepal.

Observation and Discussion
Nepal has one of the most elevated chances of disaster due to its topographical structure. Te northern upper portion of Nepal incorporates the rough hilly district secured by the tall Himalayas, the lower southern portion comprises plain Terai, and the uneven district lies in between the two. Floods, landslides, avalanches, thunderbolts, electrical storms, and fres happen regularly as a disaster [9]. Within the Himalayan district, more than 250 creatures were killed due to a single stroke of the lightning [15]. Te phenomenon of lightning in this geological structure is exceptionally critical. As specifed prior, the current and temperature are very signifcant factors for the process of lightning. Te death of human creature due to lightning in Nepal is presented in Figure 1.
Te number of occurrences and number of passing and harmed individuals due to lightning in twelve months were observed and analyzed here and are presented in Table 1.
Te bar graph of the month-to-month distribution of lightning during this era is shown in Figure 2. In Figure 2, the number of incidents and the number of passing and harmed individuals because of lightning occasions communicated month to month and these conveyances of lightning were observed and analyzed. Tere are no lightning occasions in November, and therefore, the maximum number of lightning incidents happens in the premonsoon period. In addition, the number of harmed individuals is almost 3 times above the number of passing individuals. Te seventy-seven districts are taken into account as a sample area for the distribution of the lightning occasions. Te information available on the DRR portal of seventy-seven districts in Nepal was analyzed by using ArcGIS software.
To determine the efect of electrical storms, the occurrences of lightning incident events, death of the people, and harmed individuals due to lightning were observed and analyzed. By utilizing the software program ArcMap, the presentation of passed individuals and harmed people was analyzed. Te occurrence of lightning events is shown in the pie diagram inside the map of Nepal, and the size of the pie diagram varies with the number of lightning events, as shown in Figure 4. Similarly, the incident of the lightning events and also the death of the people within the seventyseven districts are presented in Figure 5 by using the software program of ArcGIS mapping.
Again, among all the 77 districts of Nepal, only the lightning occasion happened in the most extreme 25 districts which are displayed in the chart in Figure 6. During this period, Makawanpur district showed the greatest harm caused, followed by Jhapa district. But in contrast, in the same time period, there were no lightning occurrences in    Manang and Mustang districts according to the DRR portal. Te minimum number of lightning incidents due to the low population density at the place of tall elevation is shown in Figure 7.

Results and Discussion
On the basis of casualty of the people passing and harmed, loss of cattle, causing fres in gigantic wilderness, and unwittingly harming TVs, computers, radios, phones, fridges, electronics gazettes, various equipment, medical equipment, causing fres in buildings due to high voltage, etc., the lightning can be taken as one of the major disasters. Te distribution of the lightning incidents showed that the number of harmed people is thrice that of the number of passed people and the harmed people are as high in the premonsoon period as the dead people. Figure 8(a) represents the annual distribution of lightning and Figure 8(b) represents the monthly distribution of lightning. Tere are no lightning incidents in the month of November, and the maximum number of lightning incidents occurs during the premonsoon period. During the premonsoon period of April, May, and June, the maximum number of lightning incidents occurred and casualties were also high in the same period, as shown in Figure 8.

Conclusion
Lightning is the main disaster in hilly locales due to the topographical features. It infuences the environment of this region, and diferent temperatures occur in the short range. Te month-to-month and annual distributions of lightning were observed and analyzed. Tere are no lightning incidents in the month of November during the research period, and the maximum number of lightning incidents occurs during the premonsoon period. It occurred in the months of April, May, and June in the premonsoon period, and the casualties were also high in the same period. Te distribution of the lightning phenomena in seventy-seven districts of Nepal is observed and analyzed on the basis of the data available on the DRR portal. To be safe from lightning disasters, the research on lightning activity is very essential that really helps minimize the risk of disaster. Hence, it is recommended to the concerned authority to conduct an awareness program for the various people such as school children, population of mountainous regions, farmers, local people, and local government to diminish the risk of lightning.

Data Availability
Te data can be obtained from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Conflicts of Interest
Te author declares that there are no conficts of interest.